Salmonella Paratyphi B; Public Health and Parental Choice

Abstract

Background: Salmonella Paratyphi B (Paratyphoid B) is a rare infection and a notifiable disease in England. Disease is typically mild, and chronic carriage in children has been described in endemic countries. Almost all cases in England are imported, with very few cases of community transmission reported.Methods: The aim of this work was to describe an unusual cluster of Paratyphoid B cases transmitted within England, examining clinical, epidemiologic and microbiologic data. Detailed phylogenetic analysis is presented to corroborate public health epidemiologic links between cases.Results: One child had recently returned from an endemic area and had mild gastrointestinal symptoms. One year later, 2 other children with no travel history developed invasive disease requiring hospitalization. Epidemiologic links confirmed person-to-person spread between these three cases. All isolates of S. Paratyphi B (n = 93) received by the Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit between 2014 and 2019 were typed using whole genome sequencing. Three cases of Paratyphoid B were identified in the same geographical location over a 2-year period. S. Paratyphi B strains isolated from the stool and blood of the three cases were closely linked (0-5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) using whole genome sequencing.Conclusions: This case series highlights the potential public health risks of paratyphoid B and the range of pediatric complications associated with this illness, especially in younger children. Although rare, chronic carriage of Paratyphoid B can lead to transmission in nonendemic areas and should be considered in all children presenting with signs of enteric fever even where there is no history of foreign travel.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi in Tertiary Care Hospitals

“…Comprehending the patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility shown by these organisms is crucial in order to steer effective treatment approaches and counteract the establishment of antibiotic resistance 4 . Monitoring the susceptibility profiles of these infections becomes crucial to ensuring the best possible patient treatment and outbreak management in tertiary care centers, where severe cases are often referred 5 .…”

Emergence of Rarely Reported Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Enterica Serovar Paratyphi B among Patients in East China

“…Biotype Java strains primarily cause gastroenteritis and have been responsible for outbreaks of varying severity in Switzerland [ 4 ], the United States [ 5 ], and Spain [ 6 ]. Further, they also contribute to invasive disease, particularly among children, in travelers worldwide [ 7 , 8 ]. There has been an increase in reports of human infections with this biotype in recent years [ 9 , 10 ].…”

The genomic characterization of Salmonella Paratyphi A from an outbreak of enteric fever in Vadodara, India

“…Enteric fever is a life-threatening systemic disease that can be caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (S. Typhi) and Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A), B and C. S. Paratyphi B and C are distantly related to both S. Paratyphi A and S. Typhi, and the incidence of these serovars is low [1,2]. Poor water quality and inconsistent sanitation and hygiene conditions in some low middle income countries (LMICs) in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America make such location hot spots for many enteric infections, including enteric fever [3].…”

“…Paratyphi A and S . Typhi, and the incidence of these serovars is low [1, 2]. Poor water quality and inconsistent sanitation and hygiene conditions in some low middle income countries (LMICs) in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America make such location hot spots for many enteric infections, including enteric fever [3].…”