Salmonellae in Avian Wildlife in Norway from 1969 to 2000

Salmonella Isolates from Cloacal Swabs and Footpads of Wild Birds in the Immediate Environment of Tokyo Bay

“…Ducks were infected with salmonella with a notably high frequency. Only the S. Typhimurium serotype was isolated from the cloacal swabs, and other reports also describe the same results as ours [4][5][6]8]. Although the total number of bird samples were not described, 441 of 470 salmonella isolates from wild birds were S. Typhimurium in Norway between 1969 and 2000 [8], all 67 salmonella isolates from wild cranes were S. Typhimurium in Japan [4].…”

“…We could not characterize the phage types of isolates; the former three strains should be examined for phage typing with DT104. Other reports suggest that type DT104 in wild birds is rare: DT40 and DT50 predominate in finches and sparrows, DT41 and DT195 in gulls, and DT72 and DT99 in pigeons [6,8]. Although phage typing was not carried out, recent S. Typhimurium isolates from wild cranes that migrate among East Asian countries and Siberia could be not DT104 because of the antimicrobial susceptibility results [4].…”

Isolation of Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Type 21b from a Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo bubo)

“…Serovar Typhimurium is a well-known cause of salmonellosis in many wild bird species (Pennycott et al, 1998;Refsum et al, 2002Refsum et al, , 2003. In this report we describe a case of fatal salmonellosis in an owl caused by S. Enteritidis PT21b.…”

Intestinal Microflora in 45 Crows in Ueno Zoo and the in vitro Susceptibilities of 29 Escherichia coli Isolates to 14 Antimicrobial Agents

“…Crows have become highly adaptable to the urban environment. They may carry causal agents of highly pathogenic avian influenza and other pathogens with zoonotic infectivity and the fecal shedding may contaminate the environment [11,22,27]. As recent incidents concerning crows, there were the cases of West Nile fever in New York [2, 7-9, 12, 21].…”

“…They have been isolated from free-living birds [1, 4-6, 10, 11, 13, 16-20, 24, 26-29] and the isolation rate of E. coli may be an indicator of fecal contamination. Until now, there have been few reports on the fecal microorganisms from crows [11,22,27].…”