Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections

Abstract

Salmonella is a major foodborne pathogen and a leading cause of gastroenteritis in humans and animals. Salmonella is highly pathogenic and encompasses more than 2600 characterized serovars. The transmission of Salmonella to humans occurs through the farm-to-fork continuum and is commonly linked to the consumption of animal-derived food products. Among these sources, poultry and poultry products are primary contributors, followed by beef, pork, fish, and non-animal-derived food such as fruits and vegetables. While antibiotics constitute the primary treatment for salmonellosis, the emergence of antibiotic resistance and the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella strains have highlighted the urgency of developing antibiotic alternatives. Effective infection management necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the pathogen’s epidemiology and transmission dynamics. Therefore, this comprehensive review focuses on the epidemiology, sources of infection, risk factors, transmission dynamics, and the host range of Salmonella serotypes. This review also investigates the disease characteristics observed in both humans and animals, antibiotic resistance, pathogenesis, and potential strategies for treatment and control of salmonellosis, emphasizing the most recent antibiotic-alternative approaches for infection control.

Next-Generation Probiotics as Novel Therapeutics for Improving Human Health: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

“…Strains that can exhibit the desired effect would be considered for further testing. Detailed steps for the development of probiotics were reviewed previously [ 27 , 28 ]. Furthermore, different culture methods are used involving growing probiotic strains in a laboratory setting using different types of media such as MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) and M17.…”

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Salmonella enterica Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium Isolated from Raw Meat in Retail Markets

“…Salmonella remains a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illnesses worldwide [1,2] contributing to approximately 10% of global mortality, predominantly originating from animal sources, resulting in an estimated 33 million deaths annually [3]. Salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases, and Salmonella is a common cause of foodborne disease outbreaks.…”

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Diversity of Salmonella Isolates in Jiaxing City, China

“…Antibiotics 2024, 13, 443 2 of 14 Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health concern. Salmonella is one microorganism in which resistant serotypes have emerged because of the widespread use of antibiotics in the production of food animals as well as the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in clinics [14]. Commonly isolated serotypes, including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, and S. Typhimurium monophasic variant, have shown higher rates of AMR compared with minor serotypes of Salmonella infections from many countries [15,16].…”