Salmonellosis Due to Salmonella Typhimurium With Easter Chicks as Likely Source

Anderson, Arnold S.

doi:10.1001/jama.1955.02960130007003

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…16 The first reported Salmonella outbreak in the United States due to exposure to live, noncommercial poultry occurred in 1955. 21 Since 1990, 45 reported Salmonella outbreaks have occurred in the United States from contact with live, noncommercial poultry. 4 Table 2 details these Salmonella outbreaks.…”

Section: Zoonotic Infections and Backyard Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

et al. 2015

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Objectives. Backyard poultry ownership is increasingly common in U.S. cities and is regulated at the local level. Human contact with live poultry is a wellknown risk for infection with zoonotic pathogens, notably Salmonella, yet the ability of local jurisdictions to reduce the risk of infectious disease transmission from poultry to humans is unstudied. We reviewed urban poultry ordinances in the United States and reported Salmonella outbreaks from backyard poultry to identify regulatory gaps in preventing zoonotic pathogen transmission. Based on this analysis, we propose regulatory guidelines for U.S. cities to reduce infectious disease risk from backyard poultry ownership.Methods. We assessed local ordinances in the 150 most populous U.S. jurisdictions for content related to noncommercial poultry ownership using online resources and communications with government officials. We also performed a literature review using publicly available data sources to identify human infectious disease outbreaks caused by contact with backyard poultry.Results. Of the cities reviewed, 93% (n139) permit poultry in some capacity. Most urban poultry ordinances share common characteristics focused on reducing nuisance to neighbors. Ordinances do not address many pathways of transmission relevant to poultry-to-human transmission of pathogens, such as manure management.Conclusions. To reduce the risk of pathogen exposure from backyard poultry, urban ordinances should incorporate the following seven components: limited flock size, composting of manure in sealed containers, prohibition of slaughter, required veterinary care to sick birds, appropriate disposal of dead birds, annual permits linked to consumer education, and a registry of poultry owners.

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Section: Zoonotic Infections and Backyard Poultrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

et al. 2015

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“…[1][2][3][5][6][7] Salmonella outbreaks have intermittently occurred every few years since the 1950s when ducklings are purchased as pets during the Easter holiday season. [8][9][10] One case in the USA confirmed a single mail-order poultry hatchery was responsible for an 8-year Salmonella outbreak and thousands of infections in 43 states. 11 Salmonella typhimurium has been isolated from 40% of hatchlings and 1% of older ducklings in Taiwan, even though clear host species specific differences have also been detected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and characterization ofSalmonella entericain day-old ducklings in Egypt

Osman

Marouf

Zolnikov

et al. 2013

Pathogens and Global Health

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Importing day-old ducklings (DOD) unknowingly infected with non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) may be associated with disease risk. Domestic and international trade may enhance this risk. Salmonella enterica serovars, their virulence genes combinations and antibiotic resistance, garner attention for their potentiality to contribute to the adverse health effects on populations throughout the world. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of imported versus domestic DOD as potential carriers of NTS. The results confirm the prevalence of salmonellosis in imported ducklings was 18.5% (25/135), whereas only 12% (9/75) of cases were determined in the domestic ducklings. Fourteen serovars (Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella kisii, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella gaillac, Salmonella uno, Salmonella eingedi, Salmonella shubra, Salmonella bardo, Salmonella inganda, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella stanley, Salmonella virchow, Salmonella haifa, and Salmonella anatum) were isolated from the imported ducklings, whereas only S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. virchow, and S. shubra were isolated from the domestic ducklings. The isolated Salmonella serovars were 100% susceptible to only colistin sulphate and 100% resistant to lincomycin. The 14 Salmonella serovars were screened for 11 virulence genes (invA, avrA, ssaQ, mgtC, siiD, sopB, gipA, sodC1, sopE1, spvC, and bcfC) by PCR. The invA, sopB, and bcfC genes were detected in 100% of the Salmonella serovars; alternatively, the gipA gene was absent in all of the isolated Salmonella serovars. The 11 virulent genes were not detected in either of S. stanley or S. haifa serovars. The results confirm an association between antibiotic resistance and virulence of Salmonella in the DOD. This study confirms the need for a country adherence to strict public health and food safety regimes.

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“…Indirect transmission can occur through contact with animal environments, contact with contaminated objects in areas where live poultry live and roam, and consumption of food that is prepared in these contaminated environments. Outbreaks of human salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been reported since 1955 (Anderson et al., 1955). Multiple Salmonella serotypes have been associated with these outbreaks, and specific outbreak strains have been repeatedly linked to single hatcheries over multiple years (CDC, 2007, 2000; Anderson et al., 1955).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreaks of human salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been reported since 1955 (Anderson et al., 1955). Multiple Salmonella serotypes have been associated with these outbreaks, and specific outbreak strains have been repeatedly linked to single hatcheries over multiple years (CDC, 2007, 2000; Anderson et al., 1955). We investigated four multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections associated with exposure to live poultry – including chicks, chickens, ducks and ducklings – during 2009.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Four Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Live Poultry Contact, United States, 2009

Loharikar

Briere

Schwensohn

et al. 2012

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Outbreaks of human salmonellosis associated with live poultry contact have been reported since 1955. Multiple Salmonella serotypes have been associated with these outbreaks, and specific outbreak strains have been repeatedly linked to single hatcheries over multiple years. During 2009, four multistate outbreaks of human Salmonella infections associated with direct and indirect exposure to live poultry purchased from mail-order hatcheries and agricultural feed stores were identified, resulting in 165 culture-confirmed cases in 30 states. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted by state and local health departments, state departments of agriculture, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) and National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Case-patients were identified through PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, and interviewed using the CDC standard live poultry contact questionnaire that asks about poultry-related exposures during the 7 days before illness onset. These outbreaks highlight the need to focus efforts on strategies to decrease and prevent human illness associated with live poultry contact through comprehensive interventions at the mail-order hatchery, agricultural feed store and consumer levels. Additional consumer education and interventions at mail-order hatcheries and venues where live poultry are sold, including agricultural feed stores, are necessary to prevent transmission of Salmonella from poultry to humans.

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Salmonellosis Due to Salmonella Typhimurium With Easter Chicks as Likely Source

Cited by 26 publications

References 1 publication

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

A Framework to Reduce Infectious Disease Risk from Urban Poultry in the United States

Isolation and characterization ofSalmonella entericain day-old ducklings in Egypt

Four Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with Live Poultry Contact, United States, 2009

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