Salt consumption and the risk of chronic diseases among Chinese adults in Ningbo city

Abstract

Background: Chronic diseases have become one of essential public health concerns, leading causes of mortality in China. It is related to the changes in dietary pattern and dietary behavior. The objectives are to assess daily salt intake in Chinese people living in Ningbo and to examine its relationship with health outcomes. Methods: Our study used data from health and nutrition survey in 2017. This study included 2811 adults aged 18-79 years (48% males) from urban and rural areas in Ningbo. A food frequency questionnaire together with demographic, physical and medical questionnaires was used to collect dietary intake, demographic, lifestyle and medical information. Ordinal logistic regression was used in the statistical analysis. Results: The mean daily salt intake (13.0 g/day) of the participants was higher than the Chinese dietary reference intake (DRI, 6 g/d), which was related to higher risk of pre-hypertension and hypertension. Stratified by gender, education and lifestyle factors, daily salt intake was only significant in the blood pressure category (male: P = 0.048; less education: P = 0.003; urban: P = 0.006; no regular physical activity: P = 0.005, no regular smoking: P = 0.006). Ordinal logistic regression model shows that daily salt intake was significantly associated with higher odds of developing hypertension. Conclusion: The daily salt intake of the majority of citizens living in Ningbo exceeded Chinese DRI and may increase the risk of hypertension. Moreover, public health intervention of salt restriction is necessarily needed for the prevention and control the ongoing epidemic of chronic diseases.

The Association Between Dietary Salt Intake and the Glycaemia Response Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients in Eastern China

“…Therefore, the results show that salt intake 6-8g/d increased 1.0 mmol/L FPG and 0.694 mmol/L HbA1c, and salt intake ≥8g/d increased 1.2 mmol/L FPG, compared to salt intake <4g/d. One previous study conducted on Ningbo citizens in Eastern China showed that higher fasting blood glucose level was found in the group of higher salt intake (≥ 6g/d) compared to it in the group of salt intake (<6g/d) [11]. The results of the Chinese study is in line with our ndings on fasting blood glucose among Chinese in the Eastern China, although target populations are different.…”

“…The relationship between dietary salt intake and risk factors of T2D has been explored through observational studies, intervention studies and meta-analysis [11,[18][19][20]. A previous 13-week intervention study conducted on 17 elderly volunteers provided a low-salt diet (LSD) and a high-salt diet (HSD) showed that fasting glucose was lower in LSD (5.4 mmol/L) than HSD (5.6 mmol/L), although no signi cant difference in insulin levels was found between LSD and HSD [19].…”

“…Evidence has shown that salt intake is a key factor developing hypertension and increasing incidence of CVD in diabetes patients [9], thus, leading to increased mortality. Recent studies reported that dietary sodium intake is evidenced to be positively associated with increased blood pressure in the general population [10,11]. Moreover, blood pressure along with hyperglycemia, is an important factor for patients with T2D.…”

Feeding Behavior among Health-care Workers in a Tertiary Health Institution Southeast Nigeria

“…The same was reported in another study in a Chinese population by Lin et al . [ 20 ] Another study among Jordanian citizens confirms the same poor salt habit, adding that the citizens are mostly unaware of its negative impact on their health. [ 21 ] The implication is that the studied population cannot also be exempted from the global call and awareness of the healthy practice of salt consumption to prevent diseases.…”

Association between dietary salt and plasma glucose, insulin and hemoglobin A1C levels among type 2 diabetes patients in Eastern China

“…The majority studies on the relationship between dietary salt and the glycaemia response of T2D have been explored through observational studies, intervention studies and meta-analysis among healthy population. 12 23 24 However, few studies have been conducted on T2D patients. Our ndings showed that dietary salt was positively associated with HbA1c, which is consistent with the results from one randomized controlled trial (RCT) on salt reduction.…”