Salt + Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration Enhances Fluid Retention More Than Salt- or Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration

Goulet, Eric; Flore, Adrien De La; Savoie, Félix A.; Gosselin, Jonathan

doi:10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0310

Cited by 16 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Table 8 summarizes the protocols and results of these studies, all of which adopted a cross-over design and provided a similar amount of water in the control trial to that of glycerol in the experimental hyperhydration trial. The glycerol ingestion protocols showed small differences in thermal strain and performance across studies, with most ingestion rates commensurate with recent suggestions of a glycerol dose of 1.2 g.kg -1 body mass with a fluid volume of 26 mL.kg -1 body mass per hour (378,1004).…”

Section: Glycerolsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…and sodium (7.5 g.L -1 of table salt) dissolved in water (∼30 mL.kg -1 fat free mass) led to significantly greater fluid retention (1.4 L) compared to sodium (1.1 L) or glycerol (0.7 L) alone (378). These findings suggest that the combination of sodium and glycerol is more effective at retaining fluid than each component separately.…”

Section: Combinations Of Glycerol Sodium and Creatinementioning

confidence: 88%

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Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Périard

Eijsvogels²,

Daanen

2021

Physiological Reviews

250

166

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A rise in body core temperature and loss of body water via sweating are natural consequences of prolonged exercise in the heat. This review provides a comprehensive and integrative overview of how the human body responds to exercise under heat stress and the countermeasures that can be adopted to enhance aerobic performance under such environmental conditions. The fundamental concepts and physiological processes associated with thermoregulation and fluid balance are initially described, followed by a summary of methods to determine thermal strain and hydration status. An outline is provided on how exercise-heat stress disrupts these homeostatic processes, leading to hyperthermia, hypohydration, sodium disturbances and in some cases exertional heat illness. The impact of heat stress on human performance is also examined, including the underlying physiological mechanisms that mediate the impairment of exercise performance. Similarly, the influence of hydration status on performance in the heat and how systemic and peripheral hemodynamic adjustments contribute to fatigue development is elucidated. This review also discusses strategies to mitigate the effects of hyperthermia and hypohydration on exercise performance in the heat, by examining the benefits of heat acclimation, cooling strategies and hyperhydration. Finally, contemporary controversies are summarized and future research directions provided.

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Section: Glycerolsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Combinations Of Glycerol Sodium and Creatinementioning

confidence: 88%

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Périard

Eijsvogels²,

Daanen

2021

Physiological Reviews

250

166

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hemoglobin was analyzed by spectrophotometry (Alere H2 Hemopoint, Alere, Lowell, MA, USA). Hematocrit was estimated with the following formula [21]: F·hemoglobin (g·dL −1 ) where F is 2.94.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Thirst-Driven Fluid Intake on 1 H Cycling Time-Trial Performance in Trained Endurance Athletes

Perreault-Briere

Béliveau

Jeker

et al. 2019

Sports

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A meta-analysis demonstrated that programmed fluid intake (PFI) aimed at fully replacing sweat losses during a 1 h high-intensity cycling exercise impairs performance compared with no fluid intake (NFI). It was reported that thirst-driven fluid intake (TDFI) may optimize cycling performance, compared with when fluid is consumed more than thirst dictates. However, how TDFI, compared with PFI and NFI, impacts performance during a 1 h cycling time-trial performance remains unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of NFI, TDFI and PFI on 1 h cycling time-trial performance. Using a randomized, crossover and counterbalanced protocol, 9 (7 males and 2 females) trained endurance athletes (30 ± 9 years; Peak V·O2∶ 59 ± 8 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three 1 h cycling time-trials (30 °C, 50% RH) with either NFI, TDFI or PFI designed to maintain body mass (BM) at ~0.5% of pre-exercise BM. Body mass loss reached 2.9 ± 0.4, 2.2 ± 0.3 and 0.6 ± 0.2% with NFI, TDFI and PFI, respectively. Heart rate, rectal and mean skin temperatures and ratings of perceived exertion and of abdominal discomfort diverged marginally among trials. Mean distance completed (NFI: 35.6 ± 1.9 km; TDFI: 35.8 ± 2.0; PFI: 35.7 ± 2.0) and, hence, average power output maintained during the time-trials did not significantly differ among trials, and the impact of both PFI and TDFI vs. NFI was deemed trivial or unclear. These findings indicate that neither PFI nor TDFI are likely to offer any advantage over NFI during a 1 h cycling time-trial.

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“…Nutrition practices include the adjustment of the race fluid plan including pre-race hyperhydration via consumption of large amounts of fluid together with an osmotic agent (e.g. glycerol or sodium) to offset some of the in-race fluid deficit [53,54]. The integration of ice slurries within pre-cooling strategies to reduce pre-race core temperature via the "heat sink" created by the phase change from ice to water may also be beneficial [55].…”

Section: Application To Triathlonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition Strategies for Triathlon

Burke

Cox

2019

Triathlon Medicine

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Contemporary sports nutrition guidelines recommend that each athlete develop a personalised, periodised and practical approach to eating that allows him or her to train hard, recover and adapt optimally, stay free of illness and injury and compete at their best at peak races. Competitive triathletes undertake a heavy training program to prepare for three different sports, while undertaking races varying in duration from 20 minutes to 10 hours. The everyday diet should be adequate in energy availability, provide CHO in varying amounts and timing around workouts according to the benefits of training with low or high CHO availability, and spread high-quality protein over the day to maximise the adaptive response to each session. Race nutrition requires a targeted and well-practiced plan that maintains fuel and hydration goals over the duration of the specific event, according to the opportunities provided by the race and other challenges, such as a hot environment. Supplements and sports foods can make a small contribution to a sports nutrition plan, when medical supplements are used under supervision to prevent/treat nutrient deficiencies (e.g. iron or Vitamin D) or when sports foods provide a convenient source of nutrients when it is impractical to eat whole foods. Finally, a few evidence-based performance supplements may contribute to optimal race performance when used according to best practice protocols to suit the triathlete's goals and individual responsiveness.

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Salt + Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration Enhances Fluid Retention More Than Salt- or Glycerol-Induced Hyperhydration

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Exercise under heat stress: thermoregulation, hydration, performance implications, and mitigation strategies

Effect of Thirst-Driven Fluid Intake on 1 H Cycling Time-Trial Performance in Trained Endurance Athletes

Nutrition Strategies for Triathlon

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