Salt-lick use in Malaysian tropical rainforests reveals behavioral differences by food habit in medium and large-sized mammals

Tawa, Yuko; Sah, Shahrul Anuar Mohd; Kohshima, Shiro

doi:10.1007/s10344-022-01600-y

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Some previous studies indicated that the seasonal changes in visit frequency to salt-licks are also relevant to the needs for alleviation of gastrointestinal problems, as shown in Ayotte et al (2008). In the other study by the present authors, the red muntjacs and sambars visited the salt-lick signi cantly more frequently than the annual mean in April, the beginning of rainy season (Tawa et al 2022). If the sprouting season in this area mainly occur in the beginning of the rainy season, it is possible that these deer species visited the salt-licks more frequently to alleviate gastrointestinal acidosis caused by their seasonal dietary change, while the concentration of bicarbonate in saltlick water was not analysed.…”

Section: Matsubayshi Et Al (2007asupporting

confidence: 57%

“…At wet-type natural salt-licks in the tropical rainforests of Belum-Temengor Forest Complex (BTFC), Peninsular Malaysia, the present authors analysed the behaviour of medium-large mammals recorded there, and showed that 95.3% of all records of animals at the salt-licks were herbivores, while the records of omnivores and carnivores were only 3.5% and 1.2%, respectively (Tawa et al 2022). In addition, they reported that water-drinking behaviors were recorded signi cantly more frequently in herbivores (73% of video captures) than in omnivores (28%) and carnivores (0%) at the salt-licks (Tawa et al 2022). Their results suggested that animals, especially herbivores, visited the salt-licks to supplement minerals which are de cient in plant-based diets and/or alleviate gastrointestinal acidosis related to plant-based diets by drinking the salt-lick water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…According to the data of rainfall at Kg. Lalang about 30 km west of the study site) provided by Water Resources Management and Hydrology Division, the rainy season around BTFC was from April to December with the break from June to August during the study period (the graph of monthly rainfall is shown in Tawa et al (2022) as Supplementary Information).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This area is covered by mixture of upland and lowland dipterocarp forest (Misni et al 2017). The detail information on the studied salt-licks is described in Tawa et al (2022) as Supplementary Information. The distance between Tiang A and Tiang B, Tiang A and Tiang C, and Tiang B and Tiang C is about 2.4 km, 2.2 km and 0.44 km, respectively.…”

Section: Locations Of Studied Salt-licksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineral contents of salt-lick water and mammal visitation to salt-lick in tropical rainforests of Peninsula Malaysia

2023

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In order to examine the possible mineral supplementing function of salt licks for mammals in tropical rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia, we analysed mineral concentration of water from the salt-licks mainly visited by herbivorous mammals to drink water, and relationship between the mineral concentration and salt-lick visit by mammals. Among analysed minerals, only the concentrations of sodium and calcium were signi cantly higher in the water from all studied salt-licks than those of the nearby streams in both dry and rainy seasons, indicating that the mammals could supplement these minerals by drinking the salt-lick water. The herbivores most frequently visited the salt-lick with the sodium concentration signi cantly higher than other salt-licks. In contrast, the omnivores and the carnivores didn't show such tendency. Among four herbivore species that visited the salt-licks most frequently, red muntjac and sambar, the rst and second most-frequent visitors (41.7% and 20.8% of the visitation record by mammals), most frequently visited the salt-lick with highest sodium concentration, but Malayan tapir and white-thighed langur frequently visited the salt-lick with lower sodium concentration. The results are consistent with the hypotheses that sodium supplementation is an important purpose of salt-lick visit by herbivores, but also indicated that the factors other than sodium concentration also affect the selection of the saltlicks to visit by herbivores.

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Section: Matsubayshi Et Al (2007asupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Locations Of Studied Salt-licksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mineral contents of salt-lick water and mammal visitation to salt-lick in tropical rainforests of Peninsula Malaysia

2023

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“…It can be found in tropical and temperate regions, especially in South-East Asia (Lazarus et al 2021;Maro and Dudley 2022;Pla-ard et al 2022). Salt lick can provide mineral sources and animal feeding sites (Tawa et al 2022). Identifying these sites for critical temporal use can be protected, managed, and monitored to avoid further human disturbances such as logging operations (Matsubayashi et al 2007;Lim et al 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia

et al. 2022

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Abstract. Enn HS, Musta B, Sarjadi MS, Maid M, Muning M, Kodoh J, Goh C, Jonalius M, Sompud J. 2022. Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 23: 6062-6069. Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) is a wild cattle endemic to Borneo Island, especially in Sabah, Malaysia. Their population is declining due to habitat loss and illegal hunting. Previous researchers have reported that hunting pressure and forest fragmentation due to the conversion of natural forests into oil palm plantations are driving the species into the looming extinction of this species. Tembadau is well known for using the salt lick in its habitat. Salt licks are rich in minerals, or feeding sites are important as critical temporal use for wildlife, including Tembadau. The lack of data on the ecological behavior of Tembadau in salt lick areas caused difficulties in monitoring their population in the forest. It may undermine their conservation, especially in the forest plantations. The habitat usage of the Tembadau in this study was expressed in the detection rate and activity pattern. This study aimed to compare Tembadau’s detection rate at salt and non-salt lick areas in a forest plantation situated at the Segaliud Lokan Forest Reserve, Sandakan, Sabah. The activity pattern of Tembadau between a salt lick and non-salt lick areas was also determined. A camera trap survey was carried out from 2 November 2019 to 6 September 2020 to collect the presence, absence and activity pattern of Tembadau. The results show that the detection rate of Tembadau was higher in salt licks, especially salt lick C59SL (n: 171, U: 3187.5, p: 0.003). Tembadau at the salt licks expressed all diurnal, nocturnal and crepuscular behavior but was primarily active at night (n: 12, 43% of nocturnal behavior). Salt licks are beneficial for wildlife to provide the essential elements of intake, health and reproductive success. These findings are helpful information for the monitoring and further conservation work for the species, especially in forest plantation areas. It also provides essential baseline data for lawmakers to make policies for the total protection of salt licks in forest plantations.

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Spatial ecology, biodiversity, and abiotic determinants of Congo's bai ecosystem

Hockridge,

Bradford,

Angier

et al. 2024

Ecology

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Canopy gaps are foundational features of rainforest biodiversity and successional processes. The bais of Central Africa are among the world's largest natural forest clearings and thought to be critically important islands of open‐canopy habitat in an ocean of closed‐canopy rainforest. However, while frequently denoted as a conservation priority, there are no published studies on the abundance or distribution of bais across the landscape, nor on their biodiversity patterns, limiting our understanding of their ecological contribution to Congolese rainforests. We combined remote sensing and field surveys to quantify the abundance, spatial distribution, shape, size, biodiversity, and soil properties of bais in Odzala‐Kokoua National Park (OKNP), Republic of the Congo (hereafter, Congo). We related bai spatial distribution to variation in hydrology and topography, compared plant community composition and 3D structure between bais and other open ecosystems, quantified animal diversity from camera traps, and measured soil moisture content in different bai types. We found bais to be more numerous than previously thought (we mapped 2176 bais in OKNP), but their predominantly small size (80.7% of bais were <1 ha), highly clustered distribution, and restriction to areas of low topographic position make them a rare riparian habitat type. We documented low plant community and structural similarity between bai types and with other open ecosystems, and identified significant differences in soil moisture between bai and open ecosystem types. Our results demonstrate that two distinct bai types can be differentiated based on their plant and animal communities, soil properties, and vegetation structure. Taken together, our findings provide insights into how bais relate to other types of forest clearings and on their overall importance to Congolese rainforest ecosystems.

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Salt-lick use in Malaysian tropical rainforests reveals behavioral differences by food habit in medium and large-sized mammals

Cited by 6 publications

References 23 publications

Mineral contents of salt-lick water and mammal visitation to salt-lick in tropical rainforests of Peninsula Malaysia

Mineral contents of salt-lick water and mammal visitation to salt-lick in tropical rainforests of Peninsula Malaysia

Monitoring of the habitat usage of Tembadau (Bos javanicus lowi) around salt lick in a forest plantation of Sabah, Malaysia

Spatial ecology, biodiversity, and abiotic determinants of Congo's bai ecosystem

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