Salt Resistance of Crop Plants: Physiological Characterization of a Multigenic Trait

Schubert, Sven

doi:10.1002/9780470960707.ch19

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…The luxury uptake of nutrients was not converted into higher grain yield, resulting in a decreased N utilization efficiency and in unchanged P and K utilization efficiencies in PAC‐treated Fabregas plants (Figure a–c). An adjustment of fertilizer application to the reduced demand of smaller plants probably enhances nutrient utilization efficiency, independent if growth reduction is achieved by application of gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors, or if it is the result of stress conditions such as drought or salinity (Hütsch & Schubert, ; Hütsch et al., , ; Jung et al., ; Munns, , ; Schubert, ). Better use efficiencies of nutrients (and water) will substantially improve the productivity and sustainability of low‐input agroecosystems, and in high‐input agroecosystems, they will reduce the environmental impacts of intensive fertilizer application (Davies et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Hütsch

Schubert

2017

J Agronomy Crop Science

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Possibilities to improve maize harvest index and nutrient utilization efficiency by application of plant growth regulators were investigated. In container experiments, the effects of different growth regulators on the development of the maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas were tested. Paclobutrazol (PAC) and chlorocholine chloride (CCC), two inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis, as well as gibberellic acid (GA3) were applied at growth stage V5. Three weeks after application of PAC, shoot growth of both maize cultivars was strongly affected with a significant decrease in plant height in the PAC treatment by 44% and 36% for Pioneer 3906 and Fabregas, respectively. The growth‐retarded plants had higher leaf areas and reduced transpiration rates. The higher shoot growth after GA3 application was accompanied by a reduction in leaf area and an increase in transpiration rate during 1 week before anthesis. CCC treatment showed no significant effects on plant height, leaf area and transpiration rate. The PAC‐treated cultivar Pioneer 3906 produced several cobs per plant, which were mainly barren at maturity. However, PAC application to Fabregas resulted in just one cob per plant with good kernel development and a grain yield, which was not significantly reduced in comparison with the control. With this similar grain yield in combination with a straw yield decrease of 32%, the harvest index was significantly improved by 12%. In addition, with PAC‐treated Fabregas plants, a 19% increased water use efficiency of the grain (WUEgrain) during the critical period of kernel setting was achieved. In this maize cultivar, CCC application also improved harvest index by 5%, but no effect on WUEgrain occurred. GA3 treatment decreased harvest index of both maize cultivars, and it either reduced WUEgrain (Pioneer 3906) or showed no effect (Fabregas). Utilization efficiencies of N, P and K were not increased with growth regulator application, even in the PAC‐treated Fabregas plants with a significantly improved allocation of assimilates to the grain, mirrored by the higher harvest index. The results indicate that fertilizer applications must be adjusted to the reduced demand of growth‐retarded plants, most likely leading to higher nutrient utilization efficiencies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Hütsch

Schubert

2017

J Agronomy Crop Science

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“…De Costa et al (2007) observed stunted maize growth with dark green leaves without any toxicity symptoms during the first phase of salt stress, owing to impaired extension growth as osmotic adjustment and turgor maintenance were not limiting. Likewise, growth of salt-resistant hybrids proved that it was not turgor but cell wall extensibility which restricted cell extension growth during the first phase of salt stress (Van Volkenburgh and Boyer 1985;Schubert 2009;Schubert et al 2009).…”

Section: Germination and Plant Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salt stress in maize, during the reproductive phase, decreases grain weight (Abdullah et al 2001;Kaya et al 2013) and number (Abdullah et al 2001;Schubert et al 2009;Kaya et al 2013), resulting in substantial reductions in grain yield (Abdullah et al 2001;Schubert et al 2009;Kaya et al 2013). Salinityinduced reductions in photosynthesis and sink limitations are the major causes of poor kernel setting and reduced grain number (Hiyane et al 2010;Schubert 2011). In this regard, Hutsch et al (2014) opined that sink limitation rather than decline in photo-assimilation is the primary cause of poor kernel setting and reduced grain number under salt stress.…”

Section: Diminished Activities Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, Younis et al (2003) observed increased abscisic acid levels at the expense of indole acetic acid (auxins) in maize under salinity stress; this modification may lead to stomatal closure to minimize water loss as a consequence of salinity-induced osmotic stress. In a saline environment, root tips are the first to sense impaired water availability due to the osmotic effect sending a signal to shoots to adjust whole-plant metabolism (Schubert 2009). Therefore, higher abscisic acid accumulation in salt-resistant hybrids than in the salt-sensitive maize hybrid (Pioneer 3906) under salt stress highlighted the importance of abscisic acid accumulation for salt resistance during the first phase of salinity stress (Schubert 2009;Schubert et al 2009).…”

Section: Hormonal Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a saline environment, root tips are the first to sense impaired water availability due to the osmotic effect sending a signal to shoots to adjust whole-plant metabolism (Schubert 2009). Therefore, higher abscisic acid accumulation in salt-resistant hybrids than in the salt-sensitive maize hybrid (Pioneer 3906) under salt stress highlighted the importance of abscisic acid accumulation for salt resistance during the first phase of salinity stress (Schubert 2009;Schubert et al 2009). The reduced sensitivity of leaf growth to increased abscisic acid concentrations under salt stress may be related to a growth-promoting function regulated by abscisic acid during the first phase of salt stress (de Costa et al 2007).…”

Section: Hormonal Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review

Farooq

Hussain

Wakeel

et al. 2015

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

590

383

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Maize is grown under a wide spectrum of soil and climatic conditions. Maize is moderately sensitive to salt stress; therefore, soil salinity is a serious threat to its production worldwide. Understanding maize response to salt stress and resistance mechanisms and overviewing management options may help to devise strategies for improved maize performance in saline environments. Here, we reviewed the effects, resistance mechanisms, and management of salt stress in maize. Our main conclusions are as follows: (1) germination and stand establishment are more sensitive to salt stress than later developmental stages. (2) High rhizosphere sodium and chloride decrease plant uptake of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron. (3) Reduced grain weight and number are responsible for low grain yield in maize under salt stress. Sink limitations and reduced acid invertase activity in developing grains is responsible for poor kernel setting under salt stress. (4) Exclusion of excessive sodium or its compartmentation into vacuoles is an important adaptive strategy for maize under salt stress. (5) Apoplastic acidification, required for cell wall extensibility, is an important indicator of salt resistance, but not essential for better maize growth under salt stress. (6) Upregulation of antioxidant defense genes and β-expansin proteins is important for salt resistance in maize. (7) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve salt resistance in maize due to better plant nutrient availability. (8) Seed priming is an effective approach for improving maize germination under salt stress. (9) Integration of screening, breeding and ion homeostasis mechanisms into a functional paradigm for the whole plant may help to enhance salt resistance in maize.

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Are changes in membrane lipids and fatty acid composition related to salt‐stress resistance in wild and cultivated barley?

Chalbi

Hessini

Gandour

et al. 2013

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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The possibility to use membrane‐lipid measurements to screen barley genotypes for salt resistance was studied. The results showed that wild barley (Hordeum maritimum) displayed a typical halophytic response as compared to cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Manel). Growth, tissue hydration, and photosynthetic activity were less affected by salinity in H. maritimum than in H. vulgare. The induced effects of long‐term NaCl treatment were reflected in root membrane lipids that remained relatively unchanged in wild barley, whilst they were significantly diminished with increasing salinity in H. vulgare. The levels of membrane‐lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage were changed only at high salt concentrations in H. maritimum whereas those of H. vulgare were considerably increased by lower salinity levels as a result of oxidative damage. These findings indicate that maintained membrane integrity (in H. Maritimum) may be considered a possible trait for salt resistance. However, membrane fluidity in H. vulgare was more increased than in H. maritimum. Thus, the unsaturated–to–saturated fatty acid ratio (UFAs : SFAs) and the double‐bond index (DBI), significantly increased in response to salt stress in cultivated barley while it did not change in H. maritimum. The changes in lipid unsaturation were predominantly due to increases in linolenic (C18:3), linoleic (C18:2), and oleic (C18:1) acids and decreases in stearic acid (C18:0). These results suggest that, in spite of being important for maintenance of membrane fluidity, the ability to increase unsaturation is not a determinant factor for salt resistance in barley species.

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Salt Resistance of Crop Plants: Physiological Characterization of a Multigenic Trait

Cited by 29 publications

References 84 publications

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Maize harvest index and water use efficiency can be improved by inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis

Salt stress in maize: effects, resistance mechanisms, and management. A review

Are changes in membrane lipids and fatty acid composition related to salt‐stress resistance in wild and cultivated barley?

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