Salt Sensitivity Determined From Capillary Blood

Oberleithner, Hans; Wilhelmi, Marianne

doi:10.1159/000443438

Cited by 12 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Individuals with meaningful BP increases or decreases following increases or decreases in salt intake, respectively, are termed salt sensitive while those who do not exhibit such changes in BP are called salt resistant [ 14 ]. Thus, BP in salt sensitive individuals correlates positively with salt intake and ESS [ 4 , 6 , 13 ]. Although we did not compare BP values with ESS, it has been reported that excess salt intake has pathological effects on the buffering capacity and function of the vasculature that are independent of BP [ 13 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a separate study, a low erythrocyte buffering capacity (high ESS) correlated with higher blood pressure [ 6 ]. Because red blood cells play an important role in buffering sodium ions [ 5 , 6 ], it is expected that red blood cell count correlates inversely with ESS and our study confirmed this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ESS was determined by a Salt Blood Test (SBT-mini, Germany) that utilizes capillary blood [ 6 ]. The SBT-mini has five components to successfully perform the test: safety lancet, Minivette©, 0.2ml PCR soft tube filled with 50 μl of Na+ cocktail (CARE diagnostica Laborreagenzien GmbH, Voerde, Germany), hematocrit tube Safecap P75-2000M (Scholz GmbH, Neubiberg, Germany) and a plexiglass home-built tube holder.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ratio multiplied by 100 expresses the ESS of an individual in percent. 100 ± 20% indicates average ESS of the healthy population [ 6 ]. ESS absolute values fall into three categories: <80%, 80–120% and >120% representing low, average and high ESS.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity status correlates with self-reported salt intake in a population from Livingstone, Zambia

et al. 2022

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Background Salt impairs endothelial function and increases arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure. The mechanisms are unknown. Recent evidence suggests that there is a possible link between salt consumption and sodium buffering capacity and cardiovascular disease but there is limited evidence in the populations living in Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of our study was to explore the relationship between erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity and sociodemographic, clinical factors, and self-reported salt consumption at Livingstone Central Hospital. Methods We conducted a cross sectional study at Livingstone Central hospital among 242 volunteers accessing routine medical checkups. Sociodemographic and dietary characteristics were obtained along with clinical measurements to evaluate their health status. Sodium buffering capacity was estimated by erythrocyte sodium sensitivity (ESS) test. We used descriptive and inferential statistics to describe and examine associations between erythrocyte sodium sensitivity and independent variables. Results The median age (interquartile range) of the study sample was 27 (22, 42) years. 54% (n = 202) and 46% (n = 169) were males and females, respectively. The majority (n = 150, 62%) had an ESS of >120%. High salt intake correlated positively with ESS or negatively with vascular sodium buffering capacity. Conclusions Self-reported high salt intake was associated with poor vascular sodium buffering capacity or high ESS in the majority of middle-aged Zambians living in Livingstone. The poor vascular sodium buffering capacity implies a damaged vascular glycocalyx which may potentially lead to a leakage of sodium into the interstitium. This alone is a risk factor for the future development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, future studies need to validate vascular function status when using ESS testing by including established vascular function assessments to determine its pathophysiological and clinical implications.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity status correlates with self-reported salt intake in a population from Livingstone, Zambia

et al. 2022

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“…This now commercially available assay could easily be integrated in the clinical workup before planning RDN. As described by the developer of the SBT, the erythrocyte sodium sensitivity (ESS), and the red blood cells (RBC) sodium buffer capacity does correspond to the patients’ individual salt sensitivity ( 11 , 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocyte Salt Sedimentation Assay Does Not Predict Response to Renal Denervation

Vonend¹,

Martin²,

Rump³

et al. 2018

Front. Med.

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Renal denervation (RDN) has recently been shown to be effective in patients without antihypertensive medication. However, about 30% of patients do not respond to RDN, and therefore, there exists a need to find predictors of response. Individuals are either salt-sensitive (SS) or non-salt-sensitive (NSS) in terms of their blood pressure (BP) regulation. The sympathetic nervous system can influence water and salt handling. RDN reduces sympathetic drive and has an impact on salt excretion. The present study was conducted to test the influence of salt sensitivity in terms of the BP reducing effect after RDN procedure. Salt sensitivity was estimated using the in vitro Erythrocyte Salt Sedimentation Assay (ESS). In 88 patients with resistant hypertension, RDN was performed. Office BP and lab testing were performed at baseline and at month 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 after RDN. A responder rate of 64.7% has been observed. Salt sensitivity measurements (ESS-Test) were completed in a subgroup of 37 patients with resistant hypertension. In this group, 15 were SS and 17 were salt-resistant according to the in vitro assay, respectively. The responder rate was 60% in SS patients and 59.1% in NSS patients, respectively. Electrolytes as well as aldosterone and renin levels did not differ between the two groups at baseline and in the follow-up measurements. The present study showed that salt sensitivity, estimated using the ESS in vitro test, did not affect the outcome of RDN and, therefore, does not help to identify patients suitable for RDN.

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A pilot study to evaluate the erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium as a marker for cellular salt sensitivity in hypertension

et al. 2022

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Supressed plasma renin in patients with primary hypertension is thought to be an indirect marker of sodium-induced volume expansion which is associated with more severe hypertension and hypertension-mediated organ damage. A novel test for erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium (eGCSS) has been proposed as a direct measure of sodium-induced damage on erythrocyte surfaces and a marker of sensitivity of the endothelium to salt in humans. Here we explore if eGCSS relates to plasma renin and other clinical and biochemical characteristics in a cohort of patients with primary hypertension. Hypertensive subjects (n = 85, 54% male) were characterised by blood biochemistry (including plasma renin/aldosterone), urine analysis for albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), 24-h urine sodium/potassium excretion. eGCSS was measured using a commercially available kit. Correlations between eGCSS and clinical and biochemical characteristics were explored using Spearman’s correlation coefficient and characteristics compared across tertiles of eGCSS. eGCSS was inversely correlated with renin (p < 0.05), with renin 17.72 ± 18 µU/l in the highest tertile of eGCSS compared to 84.27 ± 146.5 µU/l in the lowest (p = 0.012). eGCSS was positively correlated with ACR (p < 0.01), with ACR 7.37 ± 15.29 vs. 1.25 ± 1.52 g/mol for the highest vs. lowest tertiles of eGCSS (p < 0.05). eGCSS was not correlated with other clinical characteristics or biochemical measures. These results suggests that sodium retention in hypertension characterised by a low-renin state is associated with cell membrane damage reflected by eGCSS. This may contribute to the hypertension-mediated organ damage and the excess mortality associated with sodium overload and “salt sensitivity”.

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Salt Sensitivity Determined From Capillary Blood

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity status correlates with self-reported salt intake in a population from Livingstone, Zambia

Erythrocyte sodium buffering capacity status correlates with self-reported salt intake in a population from Livingstone, Zambia

Erythrocyte Salt Sedimentation Assay Does Not Predict Response to Renal Denervation

A pilot study to evaluate the erythrocyte glycocalyx sensitivity to sodium as a marker for cellular salt sensitivity in hypertension

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