Salts are Mostly NOT Ionized

Hawkes, Stephen J.

doi:10.1021/ed073p421

Cited by 31 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…This indicates that the reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) with lower ionization energy is possible . At the same time, it was shown that Fe 3+ is not fully hydrated in aqueous solutions. Thus, in the case of 0.1 m FeCl 3 , only 10 % of the trivalent iron exists as Fe(H 2 O) 6 3+ hydrated ions and the remaining ions are 42 % FeCl(H 2 O) 5 2+ , 40 % FeCl 2 (H 2 O) 4 + , 6 % Fe(H 2 O) 5 OH 2+ , and 2 % in the form Fe(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 + .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…At the same time, it was shown that Fe 3+ is not fully hydrated in aqueous solutions. Thus, in the case of 0.1 m FeCl 3 , only 10 % of the trivalent iron exists as Fe(H 2 O) 6 3+ hydrated ions and the remaining ions are 42 % FeCl(H 2 O) 5 2+ , 40 % FeCl 2 (H 2 O) 4 + , 6 % Fe(H 2 O) 5 OH 2+ , and 2 % in the form Fe(H 2 O) 4 (OH) 2 + . Consequently, the hydrated iron(III) cations can hydrolyze simultaneously with formation of the chloride complexes of Fe 3+ .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Role of Various Chlorides on Xylose Conversion to Furfural: Experiments and Kinetic Modeling

2017

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In this paper, the catalytic activity of thirteen different metal chlorides in aqueous solution for the conversion of xylose into furfural was studied in comparison with both the auto‐ and HCl‐catalyzed reactions. A maximum furfural yield of 60.3 mol % was reached with the addition of FeCl3 to the aqueous xylose solution. However, the catalytic efficiency of FeCl3 decreased on use of birch hydrolysate as a raw material, resulting in 43.5 mol % furfural yield. The obtained experimental results were incorporated in a kinetic modeling study. The assessed reaction rates for xylose dehydration to furfural and xylose decomposition to byproducts, in the presence of AlCl3 and CrCl3 are significantly higher than during acid‐catalyzed conversion. The logarithms of the reaction rates show a linear correlation with the ionization energy as well as with the acidity of the metal ions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Role of Various Chlorides on Xylose Conversion to Furfural: Experiments and Kinetic Modeling

2017

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“…Several studies (40)(41)(42) have emphasized how the acid-base concept is addressed in textbooks. I also suggest avoiding the term neutralization in teaching acid-base reactions in Turkey.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Study of French and Turkish Students' Ideas on Acid−Base Reactions

Çökelez

2009

J. Chem. Educ.

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“…[36] This indicates that the reduction of iron(III) to iron(II) with lower ionization energy is possible. [52] At the same time, it was shown [55,56] [56] Consequently,t he hydrated iron(III) cationsc an hydrolyze simultaneously with formationo ft he chloride complexes of Fe 3 + .O nly in the case of the iron(III) cations can the hydrolysis proceed so far that the formation of anionic complexes with as tructure such as Fe(OH) 4 (H 2 O) 2 À can occur. [55] The existence of such an umber of differenti onizedc omplexes [25] may have an effect on the kinetics of xylose dehydration andf urfural formation reactions.…”

Section: The Mathematical Modeling Of Xylose Conversion To Furfuralmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of xylulose as an intermediate in xylose conversion to furfural: insights via experiments and kinetic modelling

et al. 2015

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An experimental work has been performed to study the relevance of xylulose as an intermediate in xylose conversion to furfural in aqueous solution. The furfural formation was investigated at the temperature range from 180 to 220 C during non-catalyzed and acid-catalyzed conversion of xylose in a stirred microwaveassisted batch reactor. The separate experiments on xylulose and furfural conversions were carried out under similar conditions. The maximum furfural yields obtained from xylose were 48 mol% and 65 mol% for the non-catalyzed and the acid-catalyzed processes, respectively. It was shown that the furfural yield is significantly lower from xylulose than from xylose. Furthermore, the effects of initial xylose concentration and the formation of xylulose were investigated in a mechanistic modeling study. A new reaction mechanism was developed taking into account the xylulose formation from xylose. Based on the experimental results and the proposed reaction model, it was concluded that xylose isomerization to xylulose with subsequent furfural formation is not a primary reaction pathway. The obtained kinetic parameters were further used for plug flow reactor simulations to evaluate furfural yields achievable by an optimized continuous operation.

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Salts are Mostly NOT Ionized

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

The Role of Various Chlorides on Xylose Conversion to Furfural: Experiments and Kinetic Modeling

The Role of Various Chlorides on Xylose Conversion to Furfural: Experiments and Kinetic Modeling

A Comparative Study of French and Turkish Students' Ideas on Acid−Base Reactions

The role of xylulose as an intermediate in xylose conversion to furfural: insights via experiments and kinetic modelling

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