Salvianolic acid A protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing platelet activation and inflammation

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of salvianolic acid A (SAA) on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. SAA (10 mg/kg) or Tirofiban (60 µg/kg) was administered to rats by jugular vein injection 10 min before the initiation of reperfusion. After 3 h of reperfusion, platelet aggregation was measured using an aggregometer and levels of nitric oxide (NO) were detected using an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Serum levels of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB), p-selectin, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also measured 3 and 24 h after reperfusion. Furthermore, morphology of the ischemic myocardium was histopathologically analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the infarct area was evaluated by Evans blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. In rats subjected to reperfusion, it was observed that pretreatment with SAA significantly increased the survival rate (P<0.05), and that increased survival rate was due to a significant decrease in infarct size, as evidenced by significantly reduced serum levels of cTnT and CK-MB (P<0.05). In addition, decreases in infarct size occurred through the inhibition of platelet aggregation and inflammation associated with reperfusion-induced myocardial cell damage, as indicated by reduced serum levels of p-selectin, TNF-α, IL-1β and NO. In conclusion, SAA was protective against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by serving antiplatelet and anti-inflammation roles.

Salvianolic Acid D Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing the Cytoplasmic Translocation and Release of HMGB1-Triggered NF-κB Activation to Inhibit Inflammatory Response

“…SalA alleviated I/R-induced rat brain damage partially via the suppression of FoxO3a/Bim signaling and the downregulation of MMP-9 activity [39,62,63]. SalA also showed antimyocardial I/R damage effects as a consequence of the downregulation of platelet activation and inflammation in rats [41,64]. SalA protected against I/R-induced liver injury via inhibiting TLR4-mediated inflammation in rats [65].…”

“…As reported by chemistry research, effective compounds of Danshen are mainly summarized into two categories: lipophilic diterpenoids and watersoluble phenolic acids. The phenolic acids have been identified as natural cardiovascular and cerebrovascular protectants with a variety of pharmacological functions, such as anti-inflammation, antiplatelet aggregation, and antioxidation [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. These phenolic acids have been accounted for most of the biological activities of Danshen, especially the beneficial impact on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage [43].…”

Salvia miltiorrhizaBurge (Danshen): a golden herbal medicine in cardiovascular therapeutics

“…Sal-A enhances the expression of proangiogenic factors, such as VEGF and VEGFR2, and elevates the numbers and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), leading to vasculogenesis and subsequently increasing the blood flow supply in the ischemic myocardium [268] . In addition to MI, Sal-A has also been shown to protect against myocardial I/R injury [273][274][275][276][277] . This protection is achieved by the reduction of myocardial cell apoptosis and damage induced by oxidative stress [274,275,278] , prevention of intracellular calcium overload by blocking L-type calcium current [276] , and inhibition of platelet aggregation and inflammation [277] .…”

“…In addition to MI, Sal-A has also been shown to protect against myocardial I/R injury [273][274][275][276][277] . This protection is achieved by the reduction of myocardial cell apoptosis and damage induced by oxidative stress [274,275,278] , prevention of intracellular calcium overload by blocking L-type calcium current [276] , and inhibition of platelet aggregation and inflammation [277] . Although comprehensive investigations of Sal-A in cardiac remodeling are not currently available, a study has revealed that Sal-A acts as a MMP-9 inhibitor to attenuate cardiac fibrosis in the spontaneously hypertensive rat [279] , shedding new light on the cardioprotective effects of Sal-A in pathological remodeling.…”

Antimetastatic potentials of salvianolic acid A on oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting MMP‐2 and the c‐Raf/MEK/ERK pathway

“…Salvianolic acid A (SAA) is one of the most bioactive components extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with anti‐inflammation, antiplatelet, antihypertension, antithrombosis, antioxidation, and antirenal disease activities, as well as cardioprotective effects on myocardial infarction . Moreover, in recent years, SAA has been shown to possess other antitumor properties, including suppressive effects on tumor proliferation through targeting endothelin A receptor in DU145 cells and on the lung cancer multidrug resistance gene MDR1 through regulating microRNA expression .…”