Summary. This paper explores some theoretically informed ways in which tohave been crucial to our understanding of waterfronts but the material could be used further by examining the social and religious contexts of artificial waterfront development and the impact of these installations in terms of the alterations they made to land and water. Ports and harbours were 2 special places: they were unique environments, providing different experiences from those gained inland (cf. Rainbird 2007). The association of these structures with water, in the form of seas and rivers, might seem an obvious point, and is often taken for granted, but there are many social issues that can be considered in connection with this involvement including those relating to the religious connotations of water and its dangers. These will have been important aspects in the meanings attached to, and experiences associated with, ports and harbours in their local contexts.Using the well-preserved evidence of the port of Roman London as a case study, this paper will examine the cultural attitudes to ports and other waterfront installations with a special focus on religious responses. Some of the earliest recorded finds relating to the Roman waterfront on the north (City) side of the Thames at London were in the nineteenth century (Price 1870, 74-5; cf. Milne 1985, 15), but starting in the 1970s some major discoveries have been made. There is an important account of these excavations by Milne (1985) The Port of Roman London, along with some publications of individual sites (e.g. Miller et al. 1986;Swift 2008;Tatton-Brown 1974) and discussion articles (Brigham 1990;Bateman and Milne 1983), but there has never been a comprehensive report incorporating these sites. Across the Thames at Southwark there have been numerous excavations, some of which incorporating waterfronts (e.g. Cowan 2003; Yule 2005), and there is now an important volume summarising current knowledge (Cowan et al. 2009). Within the context of ritualised and symbolic landscapes and waterscapes, the paper will also explore how the construction of the monumental waterfront at London will have had a major impact on the way in which the relationship between land and water was negotiated. Before that, the paper will examine the concentration of religious structures and material on the waterfront.
WATERFRONT ARCHAEOLOGYRoman ports and harbours are a popular, though largely specialised, area of study with the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology providing one useful outlet for research (e.g. Blackman 1982a;1982b;Hohlfelder et al. 2005;Rickman 1988). The assessment of waterfront structures in Roman Britain, however, is still in need of further work (cf. Fryer 1973;Cleere 1978). In