Sample Preparation for High Performance Liquid Chromatography: Recent Progress

Comparison of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and ultrasound-assisted low-density solvent dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of drugs of abuse in biological samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

“…The ultrasound energy could cause cavitation bubbles resulting in higher temperatures and pressures in the cavitation zone to facilitate emulsification and homogenization, which provides an efficient contact between sample matrix and extractant, and accelerates the mass transfer between two immiscible phases in the extraction process, leading to enhancement of extraction efficiency with a minimum equilibrium time [19][20][21]. During this process of ultrasonication, the extraction solvent is in contact with the sample solution fully, resulting in it being dispersed throughout the aqueous phase while an emulsion is formed without any disperser solvent; the analyte is then extracted into organic phase.…”

Applicability of 2D gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography in proteomic analysis of urine using mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF

“…In these papers the required amount of proteins for determination is 2 μg/5 ml of collected urine. According to the requirements of the producer the samples to be analyzed by the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry must be filtered to separate ionic compounds, heavy metals, compounds of mass < 1 kDa from the protein (Saito et al 2010, Cobzac andGocan 2011). "Light" fraction can be qualitatively analyzed thanks to a special procedure (Norden et al 2004) and modification of detection method which is impossible in the case of 2D electrophoresis.…”

Comparative study of wastewater disinfection by-product formation during wastewater disinfection by peracetic acid versus sodium hypochlorite

“…The advantages of LLE are simplicity, high extraction efficiency and sensitivity by using an adequate solvent. The major drawbacks are the higher demand for solvent volume and time, labor intensity, as well as the emulation formation [53][54][55].…”

“…Solid-phase extraction (SPE) removes the target analytes from a water sample by distribution and retention on a solid phase (adsorbents), followed by the evaporation with a stream of nitrogen or air [54,56]. There are three kinds of adsorbents packed into a cartridge or column: carbon-based, silica-based, and polymer-based sorbents [53].…”

“…Among these adsorbents, Octadecyl (CI8) cartridges are the most widely used material for the extraction of chlorinated hydrocarbons, phenols and chlorophenols, as well as pharmaceuticals [16,35,43,47,50]. It provides great extraction efficiency for the analytes with low polarities from water samples [53]. Compared to LLE, SPE requires less solvent, more quickly, and provides more highly concentrated extracts.…”