Sample Size Requirements for Bifactor Models

Bader, Martina; Jobst, Lisa J.; Moshagen, Morten

doi:10.1080/10705511.2021.2019587

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We assessed self-stereotypes before group stereotypes to avoid priming gender. Counterbalancing the measures would have required us to assess potential order effects, which would add parameters to the model, increasing the likelihood of non-convergence (Bader et al, 2022). However, in Study 2a, we assessed group stereotypes without a self-stereotyping measure and reached similar conclusions, suggesting that order did not affect conclusions in the present study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…We then conducted CFAs of potential subdimensions of the Big Two and estimated bifactor models. We attempted to estimate full measurement models in each study, but the models did not converge, which is common in bifactor modeling (Bader et al, 2022). We, thus, reduced the number of latent factors by estimating measurement models separately for the vertical and horizontal dimensions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, it remains for future work to replicate and extend these findings by examining perceptions of the Big Two across groups and situations. This work may be further enhanced by bifactor modeling with larger sample sizes, increasing the likelihood of model convergence (Bader et al, 2022).…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Primacy of Nurturance and Dominance/Assertiveness: Unidimensional Measures of the Big Two Mask Gender Differences in Subdimensions

Folberg

Zhu

et al. 2022

International Review of Social Psychology

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Agency and Communion, the Big Two of social perception, appear to have unique subdimensions, but they have differed across studies and not all may be relevant for understanding gender stereotypes. Across two sets of studies (Total N = 1,648), we examined self-and group gender stereotypes using Abele and colleagues' (2021) conceptualization of agency as a vertical dimension that conveys information about social status and communion as a horizontal dimension that conveys information about approaching groups and individuals. Group stereotype analyses suggested that the vertical dimension comprised assertiveness/dominance and ability subdimensions, whereas the horizontal dimension was unidimensional. In contrast, self-stereotype analyses suggested that the vertical dimension comprised assertiveness/dominance and independence subdimensions and the horizontal dimension comprised a single nurturance subdimension-a unique morality subdimension did not emerge. As expected, women were perceived and rated themselves as higher on the horizontal dimension (group stereotypes), more nurturing (self-stereotypes), and less assertive/ dominant (both group and self-stereotypes) than men. Gender differences in nurturance and assertiveness/dominance were stronger, as expected, among individuals whose gender was salient. We discuss implications for examining gender stereotypes and the potential consequences of misspecifying the Big Two as unidimensional.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Primacy of Nurturance and Dominance/Assertiveness: Unidimensional Measures of the Big Two Mask Gender Differences in Subdimensions

Folberg

Zhu

et al. 2022

International Review of Social Psychology

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“…Minimum sample sizes were set heuristically so as to involve sufficient data points for stable estimates in the statistical models (see below), that is, N > 300 for simpler models (with only one latent variable) and N > 1,000 for more complex models (with up to 13 latent variables; see Study 2). Note that the realized sample sizes typically guarantee proper convergence and unbiased parameter estimates of the specified models (Bader et al, in press). Maximum sample sizes were not defined a priori, but either determined by the number of participants obtained in a prespecified time frame (Studies 1a, 1b, and 3) or determined by practical constraints, that is, funding (Studies 2, 4, 5, and 6).…”

Section: The Role Of Justifying Beliefs In Aversive Personalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Making rights from wrongs: The crucial role of beliefs and justifications for the expression of aversive personality.

Hilbig¹,

Moshagen²,

Thielmann³

et al. 2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Whereas research focusing on stable dispositions has long attributed ethically and socially aversive behavior to an array of aversive (or "dark") traits, other approaches from social-cognitive psychology and behavioral economics have emphasized the crucial role of social norms and situational justifications that allow individuals to uphold a positive self-image despite their harmful actions. We bridge these research traditions by focusing on the common core of aversive traits (the dark factor of personality [D]) and its defining aspect of involving diverse beliefs that serve to construct justifications. In particular, we theoretically specify the processes by which D is expressed in aversive behavior-namely, through diverse beliefs and the justifications they serve. In six studies (total N . 25,000) we demonstrate (a) that D involves higher subjective justifiability of those aversive behaviors that individuals high in D are more likely to engage in, (b) that D uniquely relates to diverse descriptive and injunctive beliefs-related to distrust (e.g., cynicism), hierarchy (e.g., authoritarianism), and relativism (e.g., normlessness)-that serve to justify aversive behavior, and (c) a theoretically derived pattern of moderations and mediations supporting the view that D accounts for aversive behavior because it fosters subjective justifiability thereof-at least in part owing to certain beliefs and the justifications they afford. More generally, our findings highlight the role of (social) cognitions within the conceptual definitions of personality traits and processes through which they are expressed in behavior.

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“…The explained common variance of the general factor was 0.52, indicating that the percentage of common variance attributable to it was higher than half of the common variance. The average relative bias of the whole scale was moderate, and relative biases of three items of Influence and two of Spatiotemporal Commitment were strong, following cut-offs of 0.05 for moderate and 0.10 for strong biases (Bader et al, 2022 ). These findings also confirm the presence of the leading general factor and a non-trivial role of specific factors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sense of country: General and specific factors covary with social identification and predict emigration plans

Kolesovs

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Theoretical analyses of person–environment interaction describe complex models, addressing different levels of social systems, while models of the sense of community provide a base for transferring views of this interaction to the national level. This paper presents two studies that explored the structure of the sense of country and its relation to emigration plans and social identification. Study 1 involved 1,005 adults from Latvia. The Sense of Country Inventory (SOCI) included influence, perceived opportunities, belonging, and spatiotemporal commitment as the components of this sense. The bifactor model demonstrated the best fit and confirmed the general factor, integrating components of the sense of country, and specific factors, emphasizing its complexity. The validation demonstrated that the general sense of country is the main negative predictor of emigration plans. Study 2 included 247 participants who completed the SOCI and Identification With All Humanity Scale (IWAH). Correlating with national identification, the sense of country negatively predicted emigration plans that reflected the social identity continuity pathway. In turn, a negative relationship between the sense of country and global identification, which positively predicted emigration plans, revealed a social identity gain pathway. Together, the studies present the integrative nature of the sense of country and its links to emigration plans and national and global social identification.

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Sample Size Requirements for Bifactor Models

Cited by 33 publications

References 44 publications

The Primacy of Nurturance and Dominance/Assertiveness: Unidimensional Measures of the Big Two Mask Gender Differences in Subdimensions

The Primacy of Nurturance and Dominance/Assertiveness: Unidimensional Measures of the Big Two Mask Gender Differences in Subdimensions

Making rights from wrongs: The crucial role of beliefs and justifications for the expression of aversive personality.

Sense of country: General and specific factors covary with social identification and predict emigration plans

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