Sampling distributions of the entropy in visual scanning

Weiss, Robin; Remington, Roger W.; Ellis, Stephen R.

doi:10.3758/bf03202796

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…61771335. the observation of eye movement at time t X t naturally depends on the previous X t−1 in probability. That is, the observation of eye movement X t can be predicted by its past X t−1 in terms of probability [7]. Note that, the headeye coordination mentioned above indeed points out that, the observation of eye movement X t is dependent on the past of head motion Y t−1 to some degree.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Transfer Entropy Based Causality From Head Motion To Eye Movement

Schoeffmann

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Eye movement behavior, which provides the visual information acquisition and processing, plays an important role in performing sensorimotor tasks, such as driving, by human beings in everyday life. In the procedure of performing sensorimotor tasks, eye movement is contributed through a specific coordination of head and eye in gaze changes, with head motions preceding eye ovements. Notably we believe that this coordination in essence indicates a kind of causality. In this paper, we investigate transfer entropy to set up a quantity for measuring an unidirectional causality from head motion to eye movement. A normalized version of the proposed measure, demonstrated by virtual reality based psychophysical studies, behaves very well as a proxy of driving performance, suggesting that quantitative exploitation of coordination of head and eye may be an effective behaviometric of sensorimotor activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Transfer Entropy Based Causality From Head Motion To Eye Movement

Schoeffmann

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Transition entropy H t provides a measure of statistical dependency in the spatial pattern of fixations represented by the transition matrix, and is used to compare one matrix to another. Weiss et al [1989] note that a small H t suggests a dependency between fixation points, while a large H t suggests a more random scanning pattern. That is, entropy refers to the "expected surprise" of a given gaze transition.…”

Section: Gaze Transition Entropymentioning

confidence: 93%

Implementing innovative gaze analytic methods in clinical psychology

Gehrer

Schönenberg

Duchowski

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research &Amp; Applications

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A variety of psychological disorders like antisocial personality disorder have been linked to impairments in facial emotion recognition. Exploring eye movements during categorization of emotional faces is a promising approach with the potential to reveal possible differences in cognitive processes underlying these deficits. Based on this premise we investigated whether antisocial violent offenders exhibit different scan patterns compared to a matched healthy control group while categorizing emotional faces. Group differences were analyzed in terms of attention to the eyes, extent of exploration behavior and structure of switching patterns between Areas of Interest. While we were not able to show clear group differences, the present study is one of the first that demonstrates the feasibility and utility of incorporating recently developed eye movement metrics such as gaze transition entropy into clinical psychology.

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“…GTE examines fixation sequence complexity through the analysis of gaze transition matrices ( 59 ). GTE assumes that fixation locations in a scan sequence are better predicted from current and previous locations through a conditional probability ( 71 ). High GTE indicates complex pattern of sequential scanning behaviour, which typically involves more frequent switching between more AOIs ( 4 ; 59 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of task difficulty on gaze behaviour during landing with visual flight rules in low-time pilots

Ayala¹,

Zafar²,

Kearns³

et al. 2023

JEMR

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Eye movements have been used to examine the cognitive function of pilots and understand how information processing abilities impact performance. Traditional and advanced measures of gaze behaviour effectively reflect changes in cognitive load, situational awareness, and expert-novice differences. However, the extent to which gaze behaviour changes during the early stages of skill development has yet to be addressed. The current study investigated the impact of task difficulty on gaze behaviour in low-time pilots (N=18) while they completed simulated landing scenarios. An increase in task difficulty resulted in longer fixation of the runway, and a reduction in the stationary gaze entropy (gaze dispersion) and gaze transition entropy (sequence complexity). These findings suggest that pilots’ gaze became less complex and more focused on fewer areas of interest when task difficulty increased. Additionally, a novel approach to identify and track instances when pilots restrict their attention outside the cockpit (i.e., gaze tunneling) was explored and shown to be sensitive to changes in task difficulty. Altogether, the gaze-related metrics used in the present study provide valuable information for assessing pilots gaze behaviour and help further understand how gaze contributes to better performance in low-time pilots.

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Sampling distributions of the entropy in visual scanning

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Transfer Entropy Based Causality From Head Motion To Eye Movement

Transfer Entropy Based Causality From Head Motion To Eye Movement

Implementing innovative gaze analytic methods in clinical psychology

The effects of task difficulty on gaze behaviour during landing with visual flight rules in low-time pilots

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