Sampling Duration and Frequency for Determining Emission Rates from Naturally Ventilated Dairy Barns

Kafle, Gopi Krishna; Joo, Hung-Soo; Ndegwa, Pius M.

doi:10.13031/trans.12543

Cited by 10 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…1). It represents a typical building design for moderate climate used, for example, in northern Germany, the Netherlands or northern USA (Mendes et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2016;Hempel et al, 2016b;Kafle et al, 2018). Temperature, relative humidity and air velocity were logged at various positions inside the barn at approximately 3 m height during measurement campaigns from summer 2015 until summer 2017 (see Table 1 and Fig.…”

Section: Reference Barn Dummerstorf -Central European Maritime Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The location of the animals inside the barn is also crucial in regards to shading as the lack of shade shifts the heat stress threshold towards lower ambient temperatures (e.g., body temperature increases earlier) (Berman, 2005;Kendall et al, 2006). This effect was neglected in our study as the cows were free to move inside the barns and could look for shade almost all the time.…”

Section: Stress Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, milk yield, lactation phase and age influence directly the heat stress susceptibility. Because of the metabolized energy used for milk production, high-yielding cows have significantly more heat to dissipate than low-yielding cows and thus are more susceptible to heat stress (Kadzere et al, 2002;West, 2003;Spiers et al, 2004). Cows at the beginning of lactation tend to produce more milk than cows during a late lactation period, yielding higher heat stress susceptibility.…”

Section: Stress Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The large-scale farming of cattle is a hot topic in public discussions related to animal welfare and emissions (Steinfeld et al, 2013). High-yielding dairy cattle have a relatively narrow range of environmental conditions for optimal milk yield and milk quality (West, 2003;Kadzere et al, 2002). In this so-called thermoneutral zone (typically around 10 • C) the cattle do not suffer significantly from climatic stress (i.e., minimal physiological effort for adaptation), which has an added value to animal welfare and health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The thermal optimum is associated with minimal methane emissions (Hempel et al, 2016b). Depending on cow-specific factors, such as breed, age or productivity (milk yield), and the local environment in which the cows are adapted, the edges of the thermoneutral zone and the stress threshold differ (e.g., the optimum is considered to be at 5 or 15 • C) (Hahn, 1999;Kadzere et al, 2002;West, 2003;Brügemann et al, 2012;Heinicke et al, 2018). Potential stress indicators are changes in body temperature, respiration rate, milk yield, rumination activity or lying, and feeding and drinking behavior (Hempel et al, 2016a;Polsky and von Keyserlingk, 2017;Curtis et al, 2017;Heinicke et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat stress risk in European dairy cattle husbandry under different climate change scenarios – uncertainties and potential impacts

et al. 2019

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Abstract. In the last decades, a global warming trend was observed. Along with the temperature increase, modifications in the humidity and wind regime amplify the regional and local impacts on livestock husbandry. Direct impacts include the occurrence of climatic stress conditions. In Europe, cows are economically highly relevant and are mainly kept in naturally ventilated buildings that are most susceptible to climate change. The high-yielding cows are particularly vulnerable to heat stress. Modifications in housing management are the main measures taken to improve the ability of livestock to cope with these conditions. Measures are typically taken in direct reaction to uncomfortable conditions instead of in anticipation of a long-term risk for climatic stress. Measures that balance welfare, environmental and economic issues are barely investigated in the context of climate change and are thus almost not available for commercial farms. Quantitative analysis of the climate change impacts on animal welfare and linked economic and environmental factors is rare. Therefore, we used a numerical modeling approach to estimate the future heat stress risk in such dairy cattle husbandry systems. The indoor climate was monitored inside three reference barns in central Europe and the Mediterranean regions. An artificial neuronal network (ANN) was trained to relate the outdoor weather conditions provided by official meteorological weather stations to the measured indoor microclimate. Subsequently, this ANN model was driven by an ensemble of regional climate model projections with three different greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. For the evaluation of the heat stress risk, we considered the number and duration of heat stress events. Based on the changes in the heat stress events, various economic and environmental impacts were estimated. The impacts of the projected increase in heat stress risk varied among the barns due to different locations and designs as well as the anticipated climate change (considering different climate models and future greenhouse gas concentrations). There was an overall increasing trend in number and duration of heat stress events. At the end of the century, the number of annual stress events can be expected to increase by up to 2000, while the average duration of the events increases by up to 22 h compared to the end of the last century. This implies strong impacts on economics, environment and animal welfare and an urgent need for mid-term adaptation strategies. We anticipated that up to one-tenth of all hours of a year, correspondingly one-third of all days, will be classified as critical heat stress conditions. Due to heat stress, milk yield may decrease by about 2.8 % relative to the present European milk yield, and farmers may expect financial losses in the summer season of about 5.4 % of their monthly income. In addition, an increasing demand for emission reduction measures must be expected, as an emission increase of about 16 Gg of ammonia and 0.1 Gg of methane per year can be expected under the anticipated heat stress conditions. The cattle respiration rate increases by up to 60 %, and the standing time may be prolonged by 1 h. This causes health issues and increases the probability of medical treatments. The various impacts imply feedback loops in the climate system which are presently underexplored. Hence, future in-depth studies on the different impacts and adaptation options at different stress levels are highly recommended.

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Section: Reference Barn Dummerstorf -Central European Maritime Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Stress Indexmentioning

confidence: 99%