Sampling of freely dissolved per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in surface water and groundwater using a newly developed passive sampler

Laboratory validation of an integrative passive sampler for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water

“…Passive samplers are an alternative to discrete sampling and offer advantages of convenience and the ability to measure time-averaged concentrations. Several PFAS passive samplers have been reported [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] providing the monitoring community new tools for PFAS measurements. Previously, we reported the development and field evaluation of an integrative PFAS passive sampler using an organosilica-based adsorbent specifically designed to bind PFAS from water.…”

A field-validated equilibrium passive sampler for the monitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sediment pore water and surface water

“…Regarding PFAS sampling by equilibrium passive samplers, there have been only four studies, namely (1) the study by Dixon-Anderson and Lohmann on the use of LDPE sheets for the monitoring of neutral PFAS (e.g., uorotelomer alcohols) in wastewater treatment effluent, 26 (2) the study by Becanova et al on the passive sampling of anionic PFAS (i.e., peruoroalkyl acids) in surface water by a graphene-based monolith, 27 (3) the study by Kaltenberg et al who employed a passive sampler with carbamate polymeric adsorbents to monitor PFAS in surface water and groundwater, 28 and (4) the study by McDermett et al who proposed a diffusive equilibrium peeper sampler for the monitoring of anionic PFAS in groundwater. 29 Whereas the passive samplers in the rst three studies consisted of a solid receiving phase (i.e., the accumulation of PFAS into the sampler is driven by adsorption), the sampler developed by McDermett et al employed water as the receiving phase (i.e., PFAS accumulation is driven by absorption).…”

“…However, since absorptive-based samplers are less affected by the solution chemistry and competitive sorption, their performance might be more predictable. It is noted that of the four studies mentioned above, the LDPE sheet, the graphene-based monolith, and the carbamate polymeric adsorbent were tested in the eld, [26][27][28] whereas the diffusive equilibrium sampler has only been tested in a laboratory environment. 29 Considering the limited number of studies on passive sampling of PFAS, particularly by equilibrium samplers, the objective of this study was to develop and validate an equilibrium passive sampler for sediment pore water and surface water.…”

“…, fluorotelomer alcohols) in wastewater treatment effluent, 26 (2) the study by Becanova et al on the passive sampling of anionic PFAS ( i.e. , perfluoroalkyl acids) in surface water by a graphene-based monolith, 27 (3) the study by Kaltenberg et al who employed a passive sampler with carbamate polymeric adsorbents to monitor PFAS in surface water and groundwater, 28 and (4) the study by McDermett et al who proposed a diffusive equilibrium peeper sampler for the monitoring of anionic PFAS in groundwater. 29 Whereas the passive samplers in the first three studies consisted of a solid receiving phase ( i.e.…”

“…However, since absorptive-based samplers are less affected by the solution chemistry and competitive sorption, their performance might be more predictable. It is noted that of the four studies mentioned above, the LDPE sheet, the graphene-based monolith, and the carbamate polymeric adsorbent were tested in the field, 26–28 whereas the diffusive equilibrium sampler has only been tested in a laboratory environment. 29…”