Integrative sampling enables the collection of analyte mass from
environmental liquids over extended timeframes from hours to months. While the
incentives to complement or replace conventional, time-discrete sampling have
been widely discussed, the data quality implications of employing alternative,
integrative methods have not yet been systematically studied. A critical
analysis of contemporary literature reports showed the data quality of
integrative samplers, whether active-advection or passive-diffusion, to be
governed by uncertainty in both sampling rate and analyte recovery. Derivation
of two lumped parameters, representing the coefficient of accumulation
(α) of a contaminant from an environmental fluid and
the coefficient of subsequent recovery (ρ) of its mass
from the sampler, produced a conceptual framework for quantifying error sources
in concentration data derived from accumulative samplers. Whereas the precision
associated with recovery was found to be fairly consistent across eight
passive-diffusion and active-advection devices (averaging 5 – 16%
relative standard deviation, RSD), active-advection samplers effectively improve
precision in sampling rate (analyte uptake), as determined for two
active-advection devices (2 – 7% average RSD) and five passive devices
(12 – 42% average RSD). In summary, an approach is presented whereby the
data quality implications of integrative sampler design can be compared, which
can inform the selection, optimization, and development of sampling systems to
complement the state of the art.