Sand-Fly Phlebotomus Papatasi ( Phlebotominae ) : A General Review with Special Reference to Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Egypt

Abstract

Leishmania are digenetic protozoa which inhabit two hosts, the sandfly where they grow as promastigotes in the gut, and the mammalian macrophage where they grow as amastigotes. Sandfly (or sand fly) is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, bloodsucking Dipteran encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, sandfly may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenheads" (family Tabanidae), or to members of the family Ceratopogonidae, also known in Florida and elsewhere as a sand gnat, sandflea, no-see-um (no-see-em, noseeum), granny nipper, chitra, punkie, or punky. Outside the United States, sandfly may refer to members of the subfamily Phlebotominae within the Psychodidae. Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are sometimes called sand flies or no-see-ums (no-see-em, noseeum). New Zealand sandflies are in the Austrosimulium genus, a type of black fly. Of 500 known phlebotomine species, only some 30 of them have been positively identified as vectors of the disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a protozoan disease well documented not only in Egypt, but in nearly all the East Mediterranean Countries. It is prevalent in the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula with at least three identified foci.

The Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis Viruses, the Neglected Serious Diseases

“…Majority of clinical and epide miologic studies on Toscana virus were reported from Italy, France, Spain, Portugal and other Mediterranean countries as Kuwait, Tehran, Turkey…etc (Kadanalı, 2012). Phlebotomus species are well known in all the Mediterranean Countries (Saleh et al, 2015). The update data on TOSV circulation in the Mediterranean Countries, so in Bosnia and Herzegovina raises concern about potential implications for blood donations, because of the asymptomatic course of illness in majority of cases.…”

Zoonotic Cutaneous Leshmaiasis Three Years Fever Hospital Records: With General Discussion

“…They showed that a-the seasonal activity started in April and ended in November or beginning of December, b-female outnumbered male indoors (7.4:1) and vise-versa was outdoors (0.14:1), c-blood fed females were 97.7% indoors and 29.4% outdoors, d-nocturnal activity between 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. indoors and 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. outdoors and e-sand-fly immature stages were recovered from the rodent burrows and poultry sheds. Saleh et al (2015) stated the prevalent of ZCL in Sinai Peninsula with at least three identified foci.…”

Risk Assessment of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases Among Manual Workers in Egypt

“…Generally speaking, the ZCL is a public health threatened to Egypt, particularly Sinai Peninsula. Two ZCL foci were identified in North Sinai (Faris et al, 1988) and presence of Egyptian ZCL patient manifested as diffuse CL (Morsy et al, 1997) at least nine species sandflies were encountered in Sinai (El Sawaf et al, 1987) and the Nile Delta (Morsy et al, 1990) as well as allover many Egyptian areas (Saleh et al, 2015). Among these sand-flies were P. papatasii (Scopoli), the vector of ZCL (Wahba et al, 1990) and P. sergenti, the vector of ACL (Hanafi et al, 2001).…”