“…To get over these issues, some new fluorescence probes based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) fluorescence materials were fabricated to detect foodborne pathogens. Diametrically opposed to the traditional fluorescence materials, UCNPs have the following advantages [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]: (1) easy functionalization by some biologically active substances; (2) multiple fluorescence emission peaks can be obtained by doping with different rare earth elements and a high anti-Stoke shift; (3) innocuity, high resistance to photobleaching, long fluorescence lifetime and low auto-fluorescence background; and (4) ability to convert low-energy photons (such as 980 nm excitation light) into high-energy photons (such as yellow-green fluorescence). The above advantages make the fluorescence probe constructed by UCNPs display high sensitivity, simple operation, and high accuracy in food safety detection.…”