Saponins, Classification and Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom

Vincken, Jean‐Paul; Heng, Lynn; Aede, De Groot Aede De Groot; Gruppen, Harry

doi:10.1002/chin.200720227

Cited by 42 publications

(58 citation statements)

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“…The steroidal moiety is in most cases in the furostanol or spirostanol form (15) . The saccharide chains are commonly attached at the C 3 position (monodesmosidic), but some sapogenins contain two saccharide chains (bidesmosidic) attached at the C 3 and C 17 (via C 28 ) position (16) . Spirostanol is usually monodesmosidic and furostanol bidesmosidic in nature (15) .…”

Section: Chemistry Of Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the saponins are monodesmosidic or bidesmosidic. However, a lucerne and an Acacia auriculiformis saponin are tridesmosidic (16) . Spirostanol saponins are found mainly in the seeds, roots and bulbs of the plants, whereas furostanol saponins are present in the assimilatory parts of the plants (15) .…”

Section: Chemistry Of Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of sugars, the type of sugars (for example, glucose, galactose, xylose, glucuronic acid and rhamnose) and the stereochemistry of the sapogenin moiety with functional groups (ZOH, ZCOOH, ZCH 3 ) vary greatly, producing a diverse group of metabolites in this compound class. The chemical structures of triterpene and steroidal saponins are described in detail elsewhere (15,16) .…”

Section: Chemistry Of Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production

2009

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The growing public concerns over chemical residues in animal-derived foods and threats of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have renewed interest in exploring safer alternatives to chemical feed additives in ruminant livestock. Various bioactive phytochemicals including saponins appear to be potential 'natural' alternatives to 'chemical' additives in modulating rumen fermentation favourably and animal performance. Saponins are a diverse group of glycosides present in many families of plants. The primary effect of saponins in the rumen appears to be to inhibit the protozoa (defaunation), which might increase the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and protein flow to the duodenum. Furthermore, saponins may decrease methane production via defaunation and/or directly by decreasing the activities (i.e. rate of methanogenesis or expression of methane-producing genes) and numbers of methanogens. Saponins may also selectively affect specific rumen bacteria and fungi, which may alter the rumen metabolism beneficially or adversely. The ammonia-adsorption and modulation of digesta passage in the rumen by saponins have also been implicated in altering rumen metabolism, but their physiological responses are likely to be negligible compared with microbiological effects. The effects of saponins on rumen fermentation have not been found to be consistent. These discrepancies appear to be related to the chemical structure and dosage of saponins, diet composition, microbial community and adaptation of microbiota to saponins. There is need for systematic research based on chemical structures of saponins, nutrient composition of diets and their effects on rumen microbial ecosystem to obtain consistent results. The present paper reviews and discusses the effects and mode of action of saponins on microbial community and fermentation in the rumen, and ruminant performance.

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Section: Chemistry Of Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemistry Of Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chemistry Of Saponinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production

2009

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“…Due to this complexity, saponins are difficult to classify. Because it is no longer customary to classify compounds based on their physicochemical or biological properties, a state of the art classification based on the biosynthesis of the saponin carbon skeletons was proposed by VINCKEN et al 43 .…”

Section: Phytochemical Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi

Upadhyay

Singh

2012

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYSapindus mukorossi is an extremely valuable medicinal plant, distributed in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia. The aim of present review is to form a short compilation of the phytochemical composition and pharmacological properties of this multipurpose tree. The main phytoconstituents isolated and identified from different parts of this plant are triterpenoidal saponins of oleanane, dammarane and tirucullane type. The structure and chemical names of all the types of triterpenoidal saponins reported in Sapindus mukorossi are included in this review. Many research studies have been conducted to prove the plant's potential as being spermicidal, contraceptive, hepatoprotective, emetic, anti-inflammatory and anti-protozoal. The present review highlights some of the salient pharmacological uses of Sapindus mukorossi.

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“…Saponins are structurally diverse and consist of polycyclic aglycones attached to one or more sugar side chains [21]. Traditionally, they are subdivided into triterpenoid and steroid glycosides [21][22][23]. Saponins exert a wide range of pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, and hypoglycemic [20,22,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Saponin Extract from Vitex doniana and Pentaclethra macrophylla for Antibacterial Activity

et al. 2016

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Saponins are pharmacologically active compounds that have been shown to ameliorate abnormal physiological processes and be aptly applied in folklore for the treatment of maladies occasioned by infectious agents. Consequently, saponins from Vitex doniana and Pentaclethra macrophylla were evaluated for antibacterial properties, as these herbs are used in folk medicine. Dried pulverized plant materials were defatted, and solvents with varying polarity were applied at varying ratios for the extraction of saponins. Phyto-chemistry was in accordance with standard methods, while an antibacterial assay was made through the agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution techniques. Phytochemical quantitation showed high concentrations of tannins, 231˘0.6 CE/g, and saponins, 58% from V. doniana. Similarly, P. macrophylla stem bark extract also showed high concentrations of tannins, 309˘2.42 CE/g, alkaloids, 71%˘0.5%, and saponins, 87%˘3.4%. The ethanol extracts of V. doniana inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 11775) and a clinical strain with inhibition zone ranges of 15.5˘2.12 to 7.0˘0.0 (mm) against leaf extracts and 20.0˘1.41 to 7.0˘0.0 (mm) against stem bark extracts. Conversely, saponin extract from V. doniana showed a broad spectrum of activity, as it inhibited both Gram-negative and -positive test strains, E. coli clinical strain (20.0˘1.41 mm), P. aeruginosa clinical strain (18.5˘0.71 mm), E. coli ATCC 11775 (17.0˘0 mm), and S. aureus clinical strain (13.0˘1.41 mm). However, a broad spectrum was similarly achieved with P. macrophylla extracts, as all test bacteria genus was susceptible. Saponin fractions showed a high potency and broad spectrum antibacterial activity and thus a validation of the folklore applications and the potential for use as a drug or drug scaffold.

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Saponins, Classification and Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom

Abstract: HENG, L.; DE GROOT AEDE; GRUPPEN, H.; Phytochemistry 68 (2007) 3, 275-297; Lab. Food Chem., Wageningen Univ., NL-6700 EV Wageningen, Neth.; Eng.) -Lindner 20-227

Cited by 42 publications

References 1 publication

The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production

The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production

Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi

Evaluation of Saponin Extract from Vitex doniana and Pentaclethra macrophylla for Antibacterial Activity

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