Saprolmycins A–E, new angucycline antibiotics active against Saprolegnia parasitica

Nakagawa, Kazuhiko; Hara, Choko; Tokuyama, Shogo; Takada, Kentaro; Imamura, Nobutaka

doi:10.1038/ja.2012.86

Cited by 18 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Nevertheless, its toxicity towards phytoplankton and zooplankton has been demonstrated. Furthermore, bronopol must be diluted prior to disposal, which significantly increases management costs (Nakagawa, Hara, Tokuyama, Takada, & Imamura, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains

Tedesco

Fioravanti

Galuppi

2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia are responsible for severe economic losses in freshwater aquaculture. Following the ban of malachite green in food fish production, the demand for new treatments pushes towards the selection of more safe and environment‐friendly products. In the present work, in vitro activity of ten chemicals and three commercial products was tested on different strains of Saprolegnia, using malachite green as reference compound. The compounds were screened in agar and in water to assess the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum lethal concentration (MLC), respectively. Two strains of Saprolegnia parasitica and one isolate of Saprolegnia delica were tested in triplicate per each concentration. Among tested chemicals, benzoic acid showed the lowest MIC (100 ppm) followed by acetic acid, iodoacetic acid and copper sulphate (250 ppm). Sodium percarbonate was not effective at any tested concentration. Among commercial products, Virkon™S was effective in inhibiting the growth of the mycelium (MIC = MLC = 1,000 ppm). Actidrox® and Detarox® AP showed MIC = 5,000 and 1,000 ppm, respectively, while MLCs were 10‐fold lower than MICs, possibly due to a higher activity of these products in water. Similarly, a higher effectiveness in water was observed also for iodoacetic acid.

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains

Tedesco

Fioravanti

Galuppi

2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Cupric sulfate and diquat (0.125 ppm) have been used as prophylactic treatments to inhibit zoospores (20). Recently, alternate chemical approaches have been tried to control S. parasitica infection with varying success, including chemically modified chitosans (27), peracetic acid (28), saprolmycins (29), oridamycins (30), Pyceze (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol) (12), and essential oils and ethanol extracts of medicinal plants (31). In addition, chitin synthases responsible for tip growth in Saprolegnia have been identified as potential targets for anti-oomycete drugs (32).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Warrilow

Hull

Rolley

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A candidate CYP51 gene encoding sterol 14␣-demethylase from the fish oomycete pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica (SpCYP51) was identified based on conserved CYP51 residues among CYPs in the genome. It was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. Lanosterol, eburicol, and obtusifoliol bound to purified SpCYP51 with similar binding affinities (K s , 3 to 5 M). Eight pharmaceutical and six agricultural azole antifungal agents bound tightly to SpCYP51, with posaconazole displaying the highest apparent affinity (K d , <3 nM) and prothioconazole-desthio the lowest (K d , ϳ51 nM). The efficaciousness of azole antifungals as SpCYP51 inhibitors was confirmed by 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC 50 s) of 0.17 to 2.27 M using CYP51 reconstitution assays. However, most azole antifungal agents were less effective at inhibiting S. parasitica, Saprolegnia diclina, and Saprolegnia ferax growth. Epoxiconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, and posaconazole failed to inhibit Saprolegnia growth (MIC 100 , >256 g ml ؊1 ). The remaining azoles inhibited Saprolegnia growth only at elevated concentrations (MIC 100 [the lowest antifungal concentration at which growth remained completely inhibited after 72 h at 20°C], 16 to 64 g ml ؊1 ) with the exception of clotrimazole, which was as potent as malachite green (MIC 100 , ϳ1 g ml ؊1 ). Sterol profiles of azole-treated Saprolegnia species confirmed that endogenous CYP51 enzymes were being inhibited with the accumulation of lanosterol in the sterol fraction. The effectiveness of clotrimazole against SpCYP51 activity (IC 50 , ϳ1 M) and the concentration inhibiting the growth of Saprolegnia species in vitro (MIC 100 , ϳ1 to 2 g ml ؊1 ) suggest that clotrimazole could be used against Saprolegnia infections, including as a preventative measure by pretreatment of fish eggs, and for freshwater-farmed fish as well as in leisure activities.

show abstract

“…parasitica reagents. Such reagents include humic substances with higher molecular weights and aromaticity [ 7 ], clotrimazole [ 8 ], and saprolmycin A-E [ 9 ]. These data indicate that copper sulfate represents a novel anti– S .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Meanwhile, Saprolmycin A-E are reported to have highly effective anti– S . parasitica selective activity as well [ 9 ]. Recently, our lab found copper sulfate could control S .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Saprolegnia parasitica Transcriptome following Treatment with Copper Sulfate

Cheng

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundMassive infection caused by oomycete fungus Saprolegnia parasitica is detrimental to freshwater fish. Recently, we showed that copper sulfate demonstrated good efficacy for controlling S. parasitica infection in grass carp. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of inhibition of S. parasitica growth by copper sulfate by analyzing the transcriptome of copper sulfate—treated S. parasitica. To examine the mechanism of copper sulfate inhibiting S. parasitica, we utilized RNA-seq technology to compare differential gene expression in S. parasitica treated with or without copper sulfate.ResultsThe total mapped rates of the reads with the reference genome were 90.50% in the control group and 73.50% in the experimental group. In the control group, annotated splice junctions, partial novel splice junctions and complete novel splice junctions were about 83%, 3% and 14%, respectively. In the treatment group, the corresponding values were about 75%, 6% and 19%. Following copper sulfate treatment, a total 310 genes were markedly upregulated and 556 genes were markedly downregulated in S. parasitica. Material metabolism related GO terms including cofactor binding (33 genes), 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase complex (4 genes), carboxylic acid metabolic process (40 genes) were the most significantly enriched. KEGG pathway analysis also determined that the metabolism-related biological pathways were significantly enriched, including the metabolic pathways (98 genes), biosynthesis of secondary metabolites pathways (42 genes), fatty acid metabolism (13 genes), phenylalanine metabolism (7 genes), starch and sucrose metabolism pathway (12 genes). The qRT-PCR results were largely consistent with the RNA-Seq results.ConclusionOur results indicate that copper sulfate inhibits S. parasitica growth by affecting multiple biological functions, including protein synthesis, energy biogenesis, and metabolism.

show abstract

Saprolmycins A–E, new angucycline antibiotics active against Saprolegnia parasitica

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains

In vitro activity of chemicals and commercial products against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia delica strains

Clotrimazole as a Potent Agent for Treating the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through Inhibition of Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51)

Analysis of Saprolegnia parasitica Transcriptome following Treatment with Copper Sulfate

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About