Saprophytic Acidfast Bacilli and Paraffin Oil as Adjuvants in Immunization.

Freund, Jules; Walter, Annabel W.

doi:10.3181/00379727-56-14588

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The three kinds of mycobacteria were compared regarding antibody formation against S. typhi; M. butyricum ap peared to be slightly more effective than M. tuberculosis and M. phlei much inferior (48 (51) working with Shigella antigen di:d not find tubercle bacilli more effective. When horse serum is injected into guinea pigs the administration in wa' ter/oil emulsion increases precipitin formation but has little ef fect on sensitization; the addition of killed tubercle or timothy bacilli however conspicuously alters sensitization to horse serum (52).…”

Section: Killed Mycobacteria In Water/oil Emulsion As An Adjuvantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Aspects of Active Immunization

Freund¹

1947

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

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214

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Section: Killed Mycobacteria In Water/oil Emulsion As An Adjuvantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Aspects of Active Immunization

Freund¹

1947

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

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214

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“…Typically, these emulsions contain >50% mineral oil. Freund also developed emulsions that did not contain bacteria (incomplete Freund's adjuvant, FIA or IFA) and applied them experimentally to a number of vaccine preparations [8][9][10][11]. However, CFA was found to be unacceptably reactogenic for use in human vaccines, and sensitization to the mycobacterial component compromised its ability to be used in booster immunizations.…”

Section: Water-in-oil Emulsion Adjuvantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following on from the lipovaccine technology, Freund et al in 1937 [7] and for many years thereafter [8][9][10] developed and used w/o emulsions, in which antigen was suspended in an aqueous phase and then emulsified into oil. Early versions included paraffin oil, with Arlacel A as the emulsifier, and the inclusion of dried Mycobacterium cells.…”

Section: Water-in-oil Emulsion Adjuvantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emulsion-Based Adjuvants for Improved Influenza Vaccines

O’Hagan

Tsai

Reed

2010

Influenza Vaccines for the Future

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Emulsions have a long history of use as potent and effective adjuvants in humans for a range of vaccines, particularly for influenza. Although older mineral oil-and water-in-oil-based emulsion adjuvants did not have an overall safety and tolerability profile to allow them to be acceptable for widespread use, a newer generation of oil-in-water adjuvants has been recently developed, based on the use of the biodegradable oil squalene. These adjuvants have shown particular value in the development of new generation vaccines to offer enhanced protection against both seasonal and pandemic strains of influenza virus. The first oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant included in an approved flu vaccine was MF59, which was originally licensed in Europe in 1997 as an improved influenza vaccine for the elderly. In the very recent past, MF59 and related adjuvants have shown their value by offering the possibility of significant antigen dose reductions and higher potency products in the face of the H1N1 pandemic emergency and other pandemic threats. The recent H1N1 global problem allowed the opportunity for widespread use of emulsionbased adjuvants in a range of population groups in a number of countries, in which strict monitoring of safety was the norm. Importantly, this widespread use allowed the safety profile of squalene-based emulsion adjuvants to be further substantiated in large and diverse populations of humans, including young children and pregnant women. It is our confident prediction that the coming years will see wider use and further licensures for oil-in-water emulsion adjuvants, particularly for improved flu vaccines.

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“…The antigen was a 10 per cent homogenate of yolk sacs obtained from uninfected 14 day old eggs. Rabbits were inoculated with this material either intravenously or subcutaneously according to the adjuvant technique (Freund and McDermott, 1942;Freund and Walter, 1944). In the former case graded doses were administered weekly on 3 successive days for a period of 2 or 3 weeks; the animals were bled 2 weeks after the last injection.…”

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confidence: 99%

An Immunological Purification of Typhus Rickettsiae

Karp

1954

J Bacteriol

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The demonstration of independent metabolism in obligate intracellular parasites is of importance for an understanding of their activity in the host cell. The observation of Bovarnick and Snyder (1949) that purified suspensions of typhus rickettsiae prepared from infected yolk sacs oxidized glutamate, and to a leser extent pyruvate and succinate, has stimulated the search for other enzymes in these organisms. Bovarnick and Miller (1950) reported a glutamate-aspartate transammnase, and Wisseman et al. (1952) concluded on the basis of their observations that the enzymes active against a-ketoglutarate, fumarate, malate, and oxalacetate were also present in rickettsiae. In this laboratory it was noted that marked esterase activity was present in the suspensions prepared in a manner similar to that of Bovarnick and of Wisseman. These observations raised the question whether the enzyme activities should be attributed to the microparasite or to traces of host material which might not be eliminated in the purification procedure. This paper reports experiments designed to solve this problem. MATERIALS AND METHODS RickleUsio2 suspension. The Wilmington strain

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Saprophytic Acidfast Bacilli and Paraffin Oil as Adjuvants in Immunization.

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Some Aspects of Active Immunization

Some Aspects of Active Immunization

Emulsion-Based Adjuvants for Improved Influenza Vaccines

An Immunological Purification of Typhus Rickettsiae

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