Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and their association with dyslipidemia in Korean elderly men: the 2008–2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Abstract

In Korean elderly men, SO was associated with an increased risk for dyslipidemia compared with sarcopenia or obesity alone.

Muscle loss and obesity: the health implications of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity

“…Several cross-sectional studies in Korean populations of older adults have found that sarcopenic obese individuals had the worse cardiovascular risk profile. Sarcopenic obesity (based on skeletal muscle assessed by DXA and obesity measured by either computerised tomography, DXA, BMI or WC) was associated with lower cardiorespiratory fitness, higher fasting glucose levels, a higher risk of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, and up to an 8-fold increase in risk of the metabolic syndrome compared with non-sarcopenic, non-obese (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55) . Similar findings were reported in a community-dwelling sample of Taiwanese older adults; sarcopenic obesity (defined by BIA-measured muscle mass and BMI) was associated with the highest risk of metabolic syndrome (56) .…”

Association between sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular risk: where are we?

“…Janssen et al (29), in turn, in 2002 proposed a definition of sarcopenia with the skeletal mass index (SMI) by the skeletal MM divided by body mass of the subject, both in kilograms and multiplied by 100 [(MM/body mass)x100], so that individuals were considered to have a normal SMI if their SMI was greater than one SD above the sex-specific mean for young adults (aged . ASM adjusted by the body mass has been described as the most appropriate index to identify sarcopenia (5,7,15). A definition of sarcopenia was proposed by The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People, in 2010, and suggests consider for diagnosing sarcopenia, not only the amount of MM but the presence of both changes, deficit of MM and low muscle function (25,30), but this criterion was not used in the studies found.…”

“…Many explanations for SO have been proposed and evidences suggest that a vicious cycle between the accumulation of AT and the deficit of MM is responsible for keeping the development of the phenotype (22). The increase of AT, especially visceral fat, as well as the excess of free fatty acids may induce chronic inflammation by increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and interleukin-6 (15,22). The inflammatory process, in turn, not only causes degradation of MM but also promotes insulin resistance (15) that contributes to the changes in the morphology, size and muscle function, leading to the onset and progression of sarcoepnia (22,32).…”

“…The association between SO and lipid profile was the issue most studied in this review, being present in 22 citations, but it was not the main objetive of these studies which limits the conclusions about their results. Only Baek et al (15), in 2014, investigated the association between SO and dyslipidemia as the principal aim of the study in 3,483 Korean elderly. They defined sarcopenia by ASM adjusted for body mass and obesity by BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 .…”

“…The main changes of BC are related to excess of adipose tissue (AT) and/or the deficit of muscular mass (MM), defined as obesity, sarcopenia or sarcopenic obesity (SO), when both conditions appear simultaneously (1). The prevalence of SO has increased in industrialized countries due to the high number of cases of obesity and sarcopenia in obese people, ranging from 4.4% to 42.9%, depending on the diagnostic methods and on the studied population (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). There is not a consensus between the definition and classification of SO, and this gap contributes to the inconsistent findings in its association with clinical outcomes (22)(23)(24).…”