SARS-CoV-2 and Immunity: Natural Infection Compared with Vaccination

Abstract

Recently, the protective and/or pathological role of virus-specific T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection has been the focus of many studies. We investigated the anti-spike IgG levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in 125 donors (90 vaccinated with four different vaccine platforms, 16 individuals with a previous natural infection, and 19 not vaccinated donors who did not report previous SARS-CoV-2 infections). Our data show that anti-spike IgG titers were similar between naturally infected subjects and those vaccinated with adenoviral vector vaccines. Of note, all immunized donors produced memory CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells. A sustained polyfunctionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in all immunized donors was also demonstrated. Altogether, our data suggest that the natural infection produces an overall response like that induced by vaccination. Therefore, this detailed immunological evaluation may be relevant for other vaccine efforts especially for the monitoring of novel vaccines effective against emerging virus variants.

SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immunity in patients with hematologic malignancies

“…Following a 2-dose mRNA vaccination schedule, robust cellular responses are observed in the majority of patients with hematologic malignancies, including patients with CLL, lymphomas, and recipients of CD19-directed CAR T cell therapy ( Figure 1 C). [ 29 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ] It is suggested that these responses depend on vaccine type, with better responses induced by mRNA-1273 vaccination compared to BNT162b2 [ 43 , 48 , 49 ]. Cellular responses also differ between patient groups.…”

Basophil Activation Test with Different Polyethylene Glycols in Patients with Suspected PEG Hypersensitivity Reactions

“…The development, in a short time, of new vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection was one of the most relevant scientific landmark achievements in this context [ 2 , 3 ]. Despite the administered COVID-19 vaccination platforms ensuring the development of specific humoral and cellular immune responses, protecting against severe disease symptoms [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], several adverse effects were reported, even if most of them were classified as mild reactions [ 8 ]. Furthermore, in most patients reporting adverse effects, no events occurred after a second vaccination, demonstrating that most of the reported reactions were not allergic events but vasovagal and anxiety signs.…”

Produção de anticorpos e citocinas em resposta ao SARS-CoV-2: comparação entre imunidade vacinal e híbrida

“…Com o desenvolvimento de diferentes vacinas, diversos protocolos heterólogos foram aplicados a fim de gerar respostas imunológicas mais eficazes 1 . Nesse cenário, foi amplamente questionada a eficácia das vacinas e dos protocolos vacinais diante da proteção gerada pela infecção natural 2 .…”