SARS-CoV-2 antibody profile of naturally infected and vaccinated individuals detected using qualitative, semi-quantitative and multiplex immunoassays

Meyers, Jamie; Windau, Anne; Schmotzer, Christine; Saade, Elie; Noguez, Jaime H.; Stempak, Lisa; Zhang, Xiaochun

doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2022.115803

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Firstly, previous SARS COV-2 infection was excluded on clinical basis and not by testing anti N SARS-CoV-2–specific test. However, not only was this approach already used in other works [ 20 ], but also, a single anti-N evaluation could not be sufficient to exclude an exposition to the virus because of humoral clearance, and these antibodies are not produced by a significant portion of infected patients [ 38 , 39 ]. Unfortunately, patients with asymptomatic infection have low SARS-CoV-2 N antibody titers [ 40 ] and a possible infection occurring early in the pandemic could not be identified even in case of antibody testing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral Response after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Has a Role in Predicting Response after Three Doses That Is Related to Plasma HIV Viremia and Nadir CD4+ Cell Count in HIV-Positive Patients

et al. 2022

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We investigated the spike IgG levels of HIV+ patients on antiretroviral therapy six months after they received their second dose (T2) and six months after the third dose (T3) of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, as well as the influence of different levels of plasma HIV viremia of overall CD4+ cell count and nadir value on the humoral time course. One hundred eighty-four patients were enrolled. The median age was 55 years, the median CD4+ cell count was 639 cells/mm3 and the median nadir value was 258 cells/mm3. On the basis of all tests performed during the study period, persistently undetectable plasma HIV RNA (PUD) was found in 66 patients, low-level viremia (LLV) in 57 and ongoing viremia (OV) in 61. Serum levels of IgG antibodies against a trimeric S-protein antigen were tested with DiaSorin Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG and the response was classified as optimal (>75th percentile), intermediate (50th–25th percentile) and low (<25th percentile). The frequencies of the three different patterns of plasma HIV viremia (PUD, LLV and OV) were comparable in patients with low, intermediate and optimal IgG response evaluated at T2, with no difference in overall CD4+ cell count or nadir count. At T3, 92.9% of patients achieved an optimal response: T2 response proved to be the most important factor in predicting T3 optimal response in patients with LLV and OV.A nadir value ≤ 330 cells/mm3 had 100% sensitivity in predicting a non-optimal response. In conclusion, we demonstrated the persistence of anti-spike IgG, with high serum levels occurring in most patients six months after the third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and a predictive role of humoral response at T2 in subjects with detectable plasma HIV viremia. Immunological alterations related to past immunodeficiency may persist despite immune reconstitution, and the nadir value could be a useful tool for elaborating personalized vaccine schedules.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humoral Response after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Has a Role in Predicting Response after Three Doses That Is Related to Plasma HIV Viremia and Nadir CD4+ Cell Count in HIV-Positive Patients

et al. 2022

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“…COVID-19 vaccines include recombinant subunit, nucleic acid, viral vector and whole virus vaccines, amongst others, and some vaccines have been adapted for Omicron variants (53). The use of different vaccines, combinations, the number of boosters received, the occurrence of natural infection, and combinations thereof, trigger the immune system to varying degrees in depth, breadth or duration of response (21, [54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66].…”

Section: Vaccination Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 elicits a diversity of antibodies including those targeting S and nucleocapsid (N) antigens (59,92) and the development of anti-RBD IgG antibodies is associated with improved patient survival (93). A detailed systematic review of 66 studies investigated antibody responses (94).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Antibody Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies report that anti-S antibodies show greater persistence than anti-N antibodies (97,98). Dramatic inductions of anti-S or anti-RBD IgG antibodies is indicative of vaccination (59,99,100). Primary vaccination by some vaccines, (but not all (101)), or boosters generates high nAb titers (100,102,103) or neutralizing responses (99).…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Antibody Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mature immune responses are dominated by IgG. Serologic assays that measure IgG or total antibodies (if skewed towards IgG) that correlate with neutralizing activity and focus on anti-RBD should be used for the serologic component of a composite CoR; anti-N antibodies are unlikely to be neutralizing as the N protein is located within the viral envelope (59).…”

Section: Expert Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical and laboratory considerations: Determining an antibody-based composite correlate of risk for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or severe COVID-19

Holdenrieder,

Ferreira,

Izopet

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Much of the global population now has some level of adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced by exposure to the virus (natural infection), vaccination, or a combination of both (hybrid immunity). Key questions that subsequently arise relate to the duration and the level of protection an individual might expect based on their infection and vaccination history. A multi-component composite correlate of risk (CoR) could inform individuals and stakeholders about protection and aid decision making. This perspective evaluates the various elements that need to be accommodated in the development of an antibody-based composite CoR for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or development of severe COVID-19, including variation in exposure dose, transmission route, viral genetic variation, patient factors, and vaccination status. We provide an overview of antibody dynamics to aid exploration of the specifics of SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing. We further discuss anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays, sample matrices, testing formats, frequency of sampling and the optimal time point for such sampling. Whilst the development of a composite CoR is challenging, we provide our recommendations for each of these key areas and highlight areas that require further work to be undertaken.

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Flow injection analysis coupled with photoelectrochemical immunoassay for simultaneous detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike and anti-SARS-CoV-2-nucleocapsid antibodies in serum samples

Wang,

Guo

et al. 2023

Analytica Chimica Acta

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SARS-CoV-2 antibody profile of naturally infected and vaccinated individuals detected using qualitative, semi-quantitative and multiplex immunoassays

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Humoral Response after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Has a Role in Predicting Response after Three Doses That Is Related to Plasma HIV Viremia and Nadir CD4+ Cell Count in HIV-Positive Patients

Humoral Response after Two Doses of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Has a Role in Predicting Response after Three Doses That Is Related to Plasma HIV Viremia and Nadir CD4+ Cell Count in HIV-Positive Patients

Clinical and laboratory considerations: Determining an antibody-based composite correlate of risk for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 or severe COVID-19

Flow injection analysis coupled with photoelectrochemical immunoassay for simultaneous detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike and anti-SARS-CoV-2-nucleocapsid antibodies in serum samples

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