SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response and Sustainability after a Third Dose of BNT162b2 in Healthcare Workers at Health Promotion Centers

Nah, Eun‐Hee; Cho, Seon; Park, Hyeran; Kim, Su‐Young; Noh, Dongwon; Kwon, Eunjoo; Cho, Han‐Ik

doi:10.3390/v15030751

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…All three vaccines showed high efficacy in preventing severe disease courses ( 3 – 5 ) and were also shown to mitigate the risk of long-term manifestation of COVID-19 ( 6 , 7 ). We and others could show in head-to-head comparisons that homologous and heterologous use of mRNA vaccines resulted in a significantly stronger humoral immune response and that was true after two ( 8 – 11 ) and also after three doses of vaccine ( 12 – 15 ). In contrast, results for T cell memories were not as clear cut with some descriptions of mRNA vaccines being superior to the homologous vector regimen ( 16 – 18 ), while others published comparable results for both vaccines ( 9 , 10 , 19 , 20 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

NVX-CoV2373 induces humoral and cellular immune responses that are functionally comparable to vector and mRNA-based vaccines

Mai,

Kordt,

Bergmann-Ewert

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundAfter licensing of the protein-based vaccine NVX-CoV2373, three technically different vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2 became available for application to the human population - and for comparison of efficacies.MethodsWe here recruited 42 study participants who had obtained one initial dose of NVX-CoV2373 and analyzed their immune responses in contrast to 37 study participants who had obtained either the vector vaccine AZD1222 or the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 a year earlier. 32 participants also donated blood before first vaccination to serve as a vaccine-naive control. In detail, we investigated and quantified at day 21 and approximately six months after primary immunization the amounts of vaccine-specific antibodies produced, their neutralization capacity, their quality in terms of binding different epitopes and their efficiency in inducing various isotypes. Cellular immunity and intracellular cytokine production following in vitro re-stimulation with BNT162b2 vaccine was analyzed via ELISpot or via flow cytometry.ResultsOur results show that even though vaccination including the mRNA vaccine yielded best results in almost any aspect of antibody levels and binding efficiency, the neutralization capacities against the wild-type Wuhan strain and the Omicron BA.1 variant early and at six months were comparable among all three vaccination groups. As for the T cells, we observed a prevailing CD8 response at three weeks which turned into a predominant CD4 memory at six months which has not yet been observed for AZD1222 and BNT162b2. While additional infection with SARS-CoV-2 resulted in a boost for the humoral response, T cell memory appeared rather unaffected.ConclusionWhether any of these differences translate into real world protection from infection, mitigation of severe disease courses and prevention of long/post COVID will need to be investigated in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

NVX-CoV2373 induces humoral and cellular immune responses that are functionally comparable to vector and mRNA-based vaccines

Mai,

Kordt,

Bergmann-Ewert

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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“…Subjects receiving a heterologous (AZD/BNT/BNT) vaccination scheme tended to have a stronger antibody and B cell response than those receiving a homologous (BNT/BNT/BNT) vaccination scheme. Several other studies compared the plasma IgG binding following BNT/BNT and AZD/BNT vaccination regiments, with partially contradicting findings ( 65 – 67 ). Overall, both BNT/BNT and AZD/BNT induce strong IgG binding and neutralizing responses and are clearly superior to the AZD/AZD vaccination scheme.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination – kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells

Wietschel,

Fechtner,

Antileo

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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IntroductionCOVID-19 vaccines are highly effective in inducing protective immunity. While the serum antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination has been studied in depth, our knowledge of the underlying plasmablast and memory B cell (Bmem) responses is still incomplete. Here, we determined the antibody and B cell response to COVID-19 vaccination in a naïve population and contrasted it with the response to a single influenza vaccination in a primed cohort. In addition, we analyzed the antibody and B cell responses against the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs).MethodsMeasurement of specific plasma IgG antibodies was combined with functional analyses of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and Bmems. SARS-CoV-2- and HCoV-specific IgG antibodies were quantified with an in-house bead-based multiplexed immunoassay.ResultsThe antibody and B cell responses to COVID-19 vaccination reflected the kinetics of a prime-boost immunization, characterized by a slow and moderate primary response and a faster and stronger secondary response. In contrast, the influenza vaccinees possessed robust immune memory for the vaccine antigens prior to vaccination, and the recall vaccination moderately boosted antibody production and Bmem responses. Antibody levels and Bmem responses waned several months after the 2nd COVID-19 vaccination, but were restored upon the 3rd vaccination. The COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibodies mainly targeted novel, non-cross-reactive S1 epitopes of the viral spike protein, while cross-reactive S2 epitopes were less immunogenic. Booster vaccination not only strongly enhanced neutralizing antibodies against an original SARS-CoV-2 strain, but also induced neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron BA.2 variant. We observed a 100% plasma antibody prevalence against the S1 subunits of HCoVs, which was not affected by vaccination.DiscussionOverall, by complementing classical serology with a functional evaluation of plasmablasts and memory B cells we provide new insights into the specificity of COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and B cell responses.

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“…Our results will have consequences for future vaccine designs. Not only does the mRNA vaccine elicit stronger T and B cell responses from the start ( 9 , 13 , 16 , 23 – 25 ) but also antibody titers persist for longer ( 26 ) and may therefore provide better protection ( 27 , 28 ). Another aspect to consider when designing vaccines is the ease and speed required to modify vaccines and adapt to variants of concern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection

Mai,

Bergmann,

Reisinger

et al. 2024

J Virol

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The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spurred a worldwide race for the development of an efficient vaccine. Various strategies were pursued; however, the first vaccines to be licensed presented the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein either in the context of a non-replicating adenoviral vector or as an mRNA construct. While short-term efficacies have extensively been characterized, the duration of protection, the need for repeated boosting, and reasonable vaccination intervals have yet to be defined. We here describe the adaptive immune response resulting from homologous and heterologous vaccination regimen at 18 months after primary vaccination. To that extent, we monitored 176 healthcare workers, the majority of whom had recovered from previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. In summary, we find that differences depending on primary immunization continue to exist 18 months after the first vaccination and these findings hold true irrespective of previous infection with the virus. Homologous primary immunization with BNT162b2 was repeatedly shown to produce higher antibody levels and slower antibody decline, leading to more effective in vitro neutralization capacities. Likewise, cellular responses resulting from in vitro re-stimulation were more pronounced after primary immunization involving BNT162b2. In contrast, IL-2 producing memory T helper and cytotoxic T cells appeared independent from the primary vaccination regimen. Despite these differences, comparable infection rates among all vaccination groups suggest comparable real-life protection. IMPORTANCE Vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was shown to avert severe courses of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to mitigate spreading of the virus. However, the duration of protection and need for repeated boosting have yet to be defined. Monitoring and comparing the immune responses resulting from various vaccine strategies are therefore important to fill knowledge gaps and prepare for future pandemics.

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SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response and Sustainability after a Third Dose of BNT162b2 in Healthcare Workers at Health Promotion Centers

Cited by 5 publications

References 24 publications

NVX-CoV2373 induces humoral and cellular immune responses that are functionally comparable to vector and mRNA-based vaccines

NVX-CoV2373 induces humoral and cellular immune responses that are functionally comparable to vector and mRNA-based vaccines

Non-cross-reactive epitopes dominate the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination – kinetics of plasma antibodies, plasmablasts and memory B cells

The varying extent of humoral and cellular immune responses to either vector- or RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines persists for at least 18 months and is independent of infection

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