SARS-CoV-2 droplet deposition path and its effects on the human upper airway in the oral inhalation

Abstract

Highlights Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) Discrete Phase Model (DPM) SARS-CoV-2 micro-droplet Human upper airway

Experimental tracking and numerical mapping of novel coronavirus micro-droplet deposition through nasal inhalation in the human respiratory system

“…This phenomenon can be effective in more viral droplet's deposition in anatomical dead space. Inhalation through the mouth or nose can be very effective in the results of viral droplet deposition in the human upper airway (Mortazavi 2020 ). Also, a valid model is one that has successfully passed through the validation process (Cobelli and Carson 2019 ).…”

“…The model used in this study is related to a 30-year-old healthy man in previous study, in which the agreement of the model with reality has been demonstrated in terms of the turbulent characteristics ( 2019 ) and behavior of the elastic wall boundary condition ( 2019 ) of the respiratory system. This model could accurately predict the results of deposition and the effects of the coronavirus droplet in the human upper respiratory system by injecting viral droplet through the oral inhalation (Mortazavi 2020 ). To construct the airway model, CT scans of a 30-year-old male without any problems in his respiratory system were used in this study.…”

Biomedical and biophysical limits to mathematical modeling of pulmonary system mechanics: a scoping review on aerosol and drug delivery

“…Also, raised shear stress and reduced pressure in the stenosis zone were demonstrated. Moreover, the accurate choice of the boundary condition of the outflow in an actual sneeze can considerably affect the stenosis zone conditions as it also analyzes and confirmed in the previous studies (Mortazavy Beni et al 2019aBeni et al , b, 2021Mortazavi et al 2020). Images produced from CT with formatting DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) were imported to Mimics software using thresholding to reconstruct the human respiratory point cloud.…”

“…Funding This research has been supported in part by previous studies (Mortazavy Beni et al 2021;Mortazavi et al 2020) and in part by core funding of the Teb Karan Aran Far Company for Health Industries Startup; through the National Talent Sponsorship Contract (No. RM140631) of the first author, which is highly acknowledged.…”

SARS CoV-2 aerosol: How far it can travel to the lower airways?

“…With the sophisticated imaging techniques, the researchers started developing more realistic geometry of human airways incorporating lung intricate shapes and minuscule anatomical features ( Martonen et al , 1995 ; Lizal et al , 2012 ; Srivastav et al , 2013 ; Frederix et al , 2018 ) for conducting various computational studies. These studies include the effects of breathing through nasal and oral passages ( Fitzpatrick et al , 2003 ), transmission and deposition of inhaled aerosols, fine and ultrafine particles, etc., within both the upper and tracheobronchial airways ( Fernández Tena and Casan Clarà, 2012 ; Mortazavi et al , 2021 ). In the last two decades, respiratory fluid dynamics has matured enough to allow multiscale, multiphysics modeling ( Burrowes et al , 2008 ; Pozin, 2017 ) to analyze the various aspects of respiratory mechanics, starting from the inhalation mechanism ( Islam et al , 2020 ) to aerosol ( Xi and Longest, 2007 ; Islam et al , 2017 ; Lizal et al , 2020 ) and drug delivery through pulmonary routes ( Heyder, 2004 ; Kleinstreuer et al , 2008 ) and even diseased airways ( Martonen et al , 2003 ; Srivastav et al , 2014 ).…”