Sars-Cov-2 Genomic Surveillance in Bulgaria Indicates Diverse Dynamics Driven by Multiple Introductions of Different Viral Variants in 2022

Abstract

Background. Evolution of the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns about the possibility of accelerated transmission, disease severity, diagnostic challenges, and reduced vaccine effectiveness in the ever-evolving COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. Objectives for this study were to build a comprehensive national system for monitoring and genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 and to identify the introduced virus variants in the country. Methods. We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 infections in 7948 representative clinical samples collected in medical institutions in different geographical regions of the country in 2022. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 was performed on samples from randomly selected SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals by using a modified ARTIC v3-tailed amplicon method. A bioinformatic and phylogenetic analyses of the obtained sequences was carried out. Results. Significant dynamics was observed in the spread of viral variants in 2022, which is characterized by the introduction and spread of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. The phylogenomic analysis identified a high genetic heterogeneiety composed of a total of 152 different viral clades divided into 3 main supergroups: 114 (75.0%) of which were Omicron sub-variants, 35 (23.0%) Delta sub-variants, and 3 (2.0%) recombinant forms. Conclusion. Viral variants and their sub-clades with different potentials to impact disease severity were identified and the information was immediately published for use by decision-makers and the scientific community. The global pandemic of COVID-19 has shown the importance of molecular biological surveillance, which is an indispensable element of the modern approach in the fight against infectious diseases.

Genomic Epidemiology and Lineage Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in Bulgaria: Insights from a Three-Year Pandemic Analysis

“…Moreover, BA.1 was the predominant lineage for a short period, while BA.2 prevailed for a longer duration. After several months of global dissemination, BA.5 became the most prevalent variant in mid-2022 [ 24 ]. The impact of vaccination efforts on the pandemic trajectory was evident in our analysis.…”