SARS-CoV-2 infection and the antiviral innate immune response

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak began in December 2019, causing the illness known as the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus spread rapidly worldwide to become a global public health emergency. As of 15 November 2020, more than 53 million confirmed cases and over one million deaths worldwide have been reported (World Health Organization, 2020). The SARS-CoV-2 genome was sequenced and studies are ongoing to further understand the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, etiological structure, cellular receptor angiotensin II converting enzyme (ACE2), and intracellular replication process of the virus. Currently, thousands of clinical trials related to SARS-CoV-2 are underway (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). However, no vaccines or drugs have yet been approved, until very recently, for direct treatment or prevention of COVID-19 and only supportive treatment has been applied clinically. This review will discuss the possible mechanism of the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide insight into the development of related therapeutics.

Impaired Glucose-Insulin Metabolism in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to SARS-CoV-2 in Children

“…Our results are not surprising in terms of adaptive metabolic response; nevertheles in this clinical context, a bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and glycemic im pairment could not be excluded. Pancreatic β cells are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infec tion with receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its entry [37,38]. As con…”

“…Our results are not surprising in terms of adaptive metabolic response; nevertheless, in this clinical context, a bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and glycemic impairment could not be excluded. Pancreatic β cells are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection with receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as its entry [37,38]. As considered by Hoffmann [2], hyperglycemia and glycemic fluctuations could be caused by the inflam-matory cascade of the attack of SARS-CoV-2 on the pancreas and the potentially impaired β-cell function.…”

A Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Trial for Early Breast Cancer is Impacted by COVID-19: Addressing Vaccination and Cancer Trials Through Education, Equity, and Outcomes

“…44 Similarly, the impact of COVID-19-related delay in diagnosis and treatment as well as delays of Adj chemo could be studied in terms 3 and 5 year DDFS. The impact of COVID-19 infection will be important to track for EBC clinical trials not only because of treatment interruption, but also because there could be modulation of innate 45 and adaptive immunity 46,47 impacting outcomes of EBC NAC trials, including those that test immuneoncology interventions. Also of interest will be the impact of COVID-19 on event free survival (EFS) outcomes of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy trials, if endocrine therapy is interrupted by COVID-19 infection.…”

Genome-wide, bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as critical host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection

“…During the SARS-CoV-2 lifecycle, the cell-intrinsic innate immune response can recognize viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and induce an antiviral cellular state. This typically involves activation of cell death programs, production of proinflammatory cytokines via the nuclear factor kappa-lightchain-enhancer of B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and upregulation of type I interferons (IFN), which regulate expression of numerous interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) (Katze et al, 2002;Yang et al, 2021). In turn, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved numerous strategies to antagonize or reroute these antiviral programs (Hartenian et al, 2020).…”