SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Hippopotamus, Hanoi, Vietnam

Dao, Tung Duy; Tran, Long; Vu, Thanh Thi; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nguyen, Giang Hoang; Tran, Kien Viet Dung; Nguyen, Huyen Xuan; Bui, Vuong Nghia; Unger, Fred; Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Lee, Hu Suk

doi:10.3201/eid2903.220915

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Table 1 provides an overview from the literature of experimental and natural SARS-CoV-2 infections in species commonly housed in zoological institutions. X * [11,12] Whippomorpha Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) X * [13,14] Artiodactyla Suina Suidae Domestic swine (Sus domesticus) X [15] Background colors indicate species' orders. X indicates that an infection in this category has been reported.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Host Range and Clinical Disease 21 Predicted And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The infection of captive hippopotamuses ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) ( n = 3) emphasizes that structural analysis of the ACE2-receptor alone is insufficient to predict a species’ susceptibility to infection, as they were predicted to be at medium risk [ 5 , 13 , 14 , 65 ]. Overall, three hippopotamus cases have been described [ 13 , 14 ]. All hippopotamuses showed clinical symptoms, with nasal discharge being most frequently reported [ 14 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Host Range and Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one hippopotamus died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection 17 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. The primary finding of the necropsy was a severe pneumonia [ 13 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Host Range and Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although practical reasons often preclude virus isolation as a primary means to reach a diagnosis, it is considered the gold standard to demonstrate the presence of infectious viral particles in a sample [ 71 ]. Virus isolation has been effectively used in multiple reports to verify a SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis [ 2 , 13 , 35 , 39 , 44 ]. The probability of a successful culture in humans has been demonstrated to rapidly decline after eight days post-onset of clinical signs, and virus has not been isolated from seroconverted patients with detectable antibody titers [ 76 , 77 ].…”

Section: Viral Dynamics and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tissue RT-PCR was performed on a deceased hippopotamus, and the lowest CT value was reported in the lungs (27.09), followed by the liver (32.29), spleen (33.96), and intestine (37.84), whilst postmortem RT-PCR on blood was negative [ 13 ]. Similarly, RT-PCR prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in retropharyngeal lymph nodes was determined to be as high as 81.3% in wild white-tailed deer, shortly following a peak of infections in humans in the area [ 68 ].…”

Section: Viral Dynamics and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions

Nederlof,

de la Garza,

Bakker

2024

Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in a zoological institution were initially reported in March 2020. Since then, at least 94 peer-reviewed cases have been reported in zoos worldwide. Among the affected animals, nonhuman primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls appear to be most susceptible to infection, with the Felidae family accounting for the largest number of reported cases. Clinical symptoms tend to be mild across taxa; although, certain species exhibit increased susceptibility to disease. A variety of diagnostic tools are available, allowing for initial diagnostics and for the monitoring of infectious risk. Whilst supportive therapy proves sufficient in most cases, monoclonal antibody therapy has emerged as a promising additional treatment option. Effective transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in some species raises concerns over potential spillover and the formation of reservoirs. The occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in a variety of animal species may contribute to the emergence of variants of concern due to altered viral evolutionary constraints. Consequently, this review emphasizes the need for effective biosecurity measures and surveillance strategies to prevent and control SARS-CoV-2 infections in zoological institutions.

show abstract

Section: Sars-cov-2 Host Range and Clinical Disease 21 Predicted And ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sars-cov-2 Host Range and Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Only one hippopotamus died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection 17 days after the onset of clinical symptoms. The primary finding of the necropsy was a severe pneumonia [ 13 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Host Range and Clinical Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viral Dynamics and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viral Dynamics and Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions

Nederlof,

de la Garza,

Bakker

2024

Veterinary Sciences

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

A comprehensive dataset of animal-associated sarbecoviruses

Liu,

Zhao,

et al. 2023

Sci Data

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zoonotic spillover of sarbecoviruses (SarbeCoVs) from non-human animals to humans under natural conditions has led to two large-scale pandemics, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) pandemic in 2003 and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Knowledge of the genetic diversity, geographical distribution, and host specificity of SarbeCoVs is therefore of interest for pandemic surveillance and origin tracing of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. This study presents a comprehensive repository of publicly available animal-associated SarbeCoVs, covering 1,535 viruses identified from 63 animal species distributed in 43 countries worldwide (as of February 14,2023). Relevant meta-information, such as host species, sampling time and location, was manually curated and included in the dataset to facilitate further research on the potential patterns of viral diversity and ecological characteristics. In addition, the dataset also provides well-annotated sequence sets of receptor-binding domains (RBDs) and receptor-binding motifs (RBMs) for the scientific community to highlight the potential determinants of successful cross-species transmission that could be aid in risk estimation and strategic design for future emerging infectious disease control and prevention.

show abstract

Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted recombinant spike protein‐based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccine, SpikeVet™, in selected Carnivora, Primates and Artiodactyla in Australian zoos

McLelland,

Lynch,

Vogelnest

et al. 2024

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can infect a broad range of animal species and has been associated with severe disease in some taxa. Few studies have evaluated optimal strategies to mitigate the risk to susceptible zoo animals. This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a protein‐based veterinary SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine (SpikeVet™) in zoo animals. Two to three doses of SpikeVet™ were administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously 3–4 weeks apart to 354 zoo animals representing 38 species. SpikeVet™ was very well tolerated across all species. Minor adverse effects were observed in 1.69% of animals vaccinated, or 1.04% of vaccine doses administered. Preliminary immunogenicity analyses in representative carnivores (meerkats, lions) and an artiodactylid (domestic goat) showed SpikeVet™‐immunized animals developed serum antibodies able to neutralize a range of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, including the vaccine‐homologous Wuhan and Mu variants, as well as vaccine‐heterologous Omicron BA.2 and XBB.1 strains. Prior to vaccination, all eight lions were seropositive for Wuhan strain by surrogate viral neutralization testing, suggesting past infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 or cross‐reactive antibodies generated by another closely related coronavirus. These results from a range of zoo species support the ongoing development of SpikeVet™ as a safe and effective veterinary SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine.

show abstract

SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Hippopotamus, Hanoi, Vietnam

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions

Perspectives on SARS-CoV-2 Cases in Zoological Institutions

A comprehensive dataset of animal-associated sarbecoviruses

Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted recombinant spike protein‐based severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccine, SpikeVet™, in selected Carnivora, Primates and Artiodactyla in Australian zoos

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About