SARS-CoV-2 mucosal antibody development and persistence and their relation to viral load and COVID-19 symptoms

Fröberg, Janeri; Gillard, Joshua; Philipsen, Ria; Lanke, Kjerstin; Rust, Joyce; Tuijl, Diana van; Teelen, Karina; Bousema, Teun; Simonetti, Elles; Jongh, Christa E. van der Gaast–de; Bos, Mariska; Kuppeveld, Frank J. M. van; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Nabuurs-Franssen, Marrigje H.; Geest-Blankert, Nannet van der; Daal, Charlotte van; Huynen, Martijn; Jonge, Marien I. de; Diavatopoulos, Dimitri A.

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25949-x

Cited by 81 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…Froberg et al [40] recently reported a significant increase in nasal antibody levels in response to COVID-19 acute infection, with similar kinetics as described for the serum and saliva. Nevertheless, as the nasal immune response induced by the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine has not yet been studied, the standard method for antibody quantification in nasal secretions and saliva samples still needs to be further clarified.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…The three subjects that had recovered from a severe COVID-19 infection that required hospitalization showed higher levels of circulating and mucosal antibodies in all of the analyzed samples in comparison with subjects with previous mild or pauci-symptomatic infection. This difference between the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in subjects with mild and severe infection may probably be ascribed to the different viral load in the two conditions [40,41]. Interestingly, the levels of circulating and mucosal antibodies in subjects with previous mild or pauci-symptomatic infection were comparable to the amount present in the vaccinated population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection

et al. 2021

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SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays are crucial in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Approved mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are well known to induce a serum antibody responses against the spike protein and its RBD. Mucosal immunity plays a major role in the fight against COVID-19 directly at the site of virus entry; however, vaccine abilities to elicit mucosal immune responses have not been reported. We detected anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD in three study populations (healthy controls, vaccinated subjects, and subjects recovered from COVID-19 infection) on serum, saliva, and nasal secretions using two commercial immunoassays (ELISA for IgA-S1 and chemiluminescent assay for IgG-RBD). Our results show that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA) determines the production of nasal and salivary IgA-S1 and IgG-RBD against SARS-CoV-2. This mucosal humoral immune response is stronger after the injection of the second vaccine dose compared to subjects recovered from COVID-19. Since there is a lack of validated assays on saliva and nasal secretions, this study shows that our pre-analytical and analytical procedures are consistent with the data. Our findings indicate that the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine elicits antigen-specific nasal and salivary immune responses, and that mucosal antibody assays could be used as candidates for non-invasive monitoring of vaccine-induced protection against viral infection.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection

et al. 2021

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“…Besides, there may be an association between viral load or antibody response or titers, although little research previously attempted to uncover it. While some studies reported that higher Santibody levels are associated with a faster decreased viral load and earlier antibody response [38][39], patients without seroconversion show the lowest viral loads at the other end of the spectrum [39]. It seems that the kinetics of the humoral immune response predicts the speed of viral elimination; for example, the earlier antibody response was associated with a faster viral clearance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Six Immunoassays in Pediatric and Adult Patients 12 Weeks After COVID-19

Sağlık¹,

Turkkan²,

Turan³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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IntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral immune persistence has been proposed to be affected by patients' characteristics. Moreover, available conflicting assay results are needed to be settled through comparative research with defined clinical specimens. MethodsThis prospective study investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies among 43 adults and 34 children at a mean of 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms using six serological assays and compared their performance. We used two Euroimmun (Euroimmun, Luebeck, Germany), two automated Roche Elecsys (Basel, Switzerland), and two rapid immuno-chromatographic Ecotest (Matrix Diagnostics, Assure Tech. (Hangzhou) Co., L, China) assays to investigate SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. ResultsThe findings showed that the Roche Elecsys anti-S total test yielded the best positivity/sensitivity (children 94.1% and adults 93.0%; p = 0.877) while five immunoglobulin IgG targeting assays had similar positivity/sensitivity between children (88.2% to 94.1%) and adults (88.4% to 93.0%) (p > 0.05). Although IgM positivity was relatively low (p < 0.001), it was found in the majority of our pediatric and adult patients (67.6% and 86.0%, respectively; p = 0.098). SARS-CoV-2 S IgG titers were found to be higher among males in pediatric and adult groups compared to females (p = 0.027 and p = 0.041, respectively). Furthermore, we observed significantly higher antibody titers among pneumonia patients (p = 0.001). ConclusionOverall, we concluded SARS-CoV-2 antibody persistence over an average of 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. While automated Roche Elecsys total antibody assays yielded the best sensitivity (> 90%) and five assays targeting IgG had acceptable performance. Patients with pneumonia and males have higher antibody titers. The effect of antibody persistence on re-infections should be monitored in longitudinal studies.

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“…Memory B cells may be present long after antibodies wane. COVID-19 survivors generate long-lasting mucosal antibodies [ 20 ]. Their role in preventing reinfection remains to be defined.…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 Antibodies In the Diagnosis Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

The (apparent) antibody paradox in COVID-19

Ameratunga

Woon

Lea

et al. 2022

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

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Introduction The immunological response to COVID-19 is only partly understood. It is increasingly clear that the virus triggers an inappropriate host inflammatory reaction in patients experiencing severe disease. Areas covered The role of antibodies in COVID-19 remains to be fully defined. There is evidence for both protection and harm in different clinical syndromes triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Many patients dying from COVID-19 had both high titers of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and elevated viral loads. The uncertain protective role of humoral immunity is mirrored by the lack of benefit of therapeutic convalescent plasma infusions in COVID-19. In contrast, there is increasing evidence that a vigorous T-cell response is protective. Delayed or low avidity T cell reactions were seen in patients suffering severe COVID-19. Expert opinion These observations suggest T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are the dominant long-term protective mechanism following either infection or vaccination. The magnitude and quality of the antibody response is likely to reflect underlying T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Much of what has been learned about COVID-19 will need to be revised following the recent rapid emergence and dominance of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.

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SARS-CoV-2 mucosal antibody development and persistence and their relation to viral load and COVID-19 symptoms

Cited by 81 publications

References 43 publications

Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection

Nasal and Salivary Mucosal Humoral Immune Response Elicited by mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine Compared to SARS-CoV-2 Natural Infection

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and Six Immunoassays in Pediatric and Adult Patients 12 Weeks After COVID-19

The (apparent) antibody paradox in COVID-19

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