SARS-CoV-2: previous coronaviruses, immune response, and development of vaccines

Abstract

Since the emergence of the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China at the end of 2019, when its characteristics were practically unknown, one aspect was evident: its high contagion rate. This high infection rate resulted in the spread of the virus in China, Europe, and, eventually, the rest of the world, including Mexico. At present, around 9 million people are infected, and around 470,000 have died worldwide. In this context, the need to generate protective immunity, and especially the generation of a vaccine that can protect the world population against infection in the shortest possible time, is a challenge that is being addressed in different countries using different strategies in multiple clinical trials. This opinion article will present the evidence of the induction of immune response in some of the viruses of the coronavirus family before COVID-19, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus). The information collected about the induction of an immune response by SARS-CoV-2 will be presented, as well as a description of the vaccine candidates reported to date in the various ongoing clinical trials. Finally, an opinion based on the evidence presented will be issued on the potential success of developing vaccine prototypes.

Headache Attributed to Vaccination Against COVID-19 (Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study

“…The pathophysiological mechanisms of headache attributed to vaccination against COVID-19 remain unclear. Whether the S glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, synthesized intracellularly using the gene supplied by the vaccine, is itself responsible for the headache or whether it is due to the resulting immune response triggered by that protein [8,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] must remain open at present. The intracellular formation of the spike protein and the triggered immune response could be directly related to the development of the headache phenotype described, including the accompanying symptoms of fatigue, chills, exhaustion, weakness, joint pain, and dizziness.…”

Epidemiological aspects of headache after different types of COVID‐19 vaccines: An online survey

“…The genetic material in adenoviral vector and mRNA types may elucidate headache occurrence. It provokes intracellular synthesis of S glycoprotein that, in turn, causes headache directly or indirectly via triggering an immune response 26,27 . Furthermore, Zhu et al 28 hypothesized that the viral shell component in the adenoviral vector type can trigger an additional immune response, which might explain the most severe headache intensity with this vaccine type in our study.…”

Critical roles of cytokine storm and bacterial infection in patients with COVID-19: therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells

“…Then virus begins to replicates in the living cell which induces the inflammation. Furthermore, innate immune cells, NK cells, INF I, and various interleukins together help to induce humoral and cellular responses (León-Rodríguez et al 2020 ) …”