SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: Adding insult to dysfunctional endothelium in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Beyond acute infection: molecular mechanisms underpinning cardiovascular complications in long COVID

“…Overexpression of cytokines can cause myocarditis and myocardial injury (27, 30), and cardiac biomarkers have been found to correlate with the levels of inflammatory cytokines (26,31). Moreover, patients with predisposing cardiovascular risk factors are more susceptible to microvascular injury and endothelial dysfunction since SARS-CoV2 associated inflammation exacerbates the pre-existing endothelial damage aggravating thrombosis which leads to an increased risk of acute coronary syndrome and myocardial injury (32).…”

SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: From Crisis to Solution

“…It has become clear that the acute disease stage, whether severe, mild or even asymptomatic, is often just the initial phase of persistent infectious disease, which can take up residence in many organ systems 11,12,13 , and commonly cause ongoing health issues 14 . The long-term effects of COVID-19 on both infected individuals and society are not yet fully understood, however they are severe at the individual and population levels, and almost all investigated health risks continue to grow with each new reinfection in all age groups 15,16,17 . The increasingly detrimental effects of repeated infections were recently summarized in a Canadian study showing the long-term effects of the virus on lasting symptoms (Fig.…”