SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection among Healthcare Workers in Mexico: Case Report and Literature Review

Garduño-Orbe, Brenda; Sánchez-Rebolledo, Juan Manuel; Cortés-Rafael, Mustafá; García-Jiménez, Yuliana; Perez-Ortiz, Marcelina; Mendiola-Pastrana, Indira Rocío; López-Ortiz, Eduardo; López-Ortiz, Geovani

doi:10.3390/medicina57050442

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…So far, reinfections are rare as some studies show primary infections to generate a protective immune response in most cases ( 56 – 59 ). Nonetheless, various case reports describe reinfections often being associated with low immune responses during the first infection as well as different strains of SARS-CoV-2 infecting one individual ( 60 – 63 ). Although the individual in the present study presented clear signs of a specific immune response after the first infection, immune cells, antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells decreased within 32 weeks post symptom onset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

et al. 2021

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Since its declaration as a pandemic in March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 217 million people worldwide and despite mild disease in the majority of the cases, more than 4.5 million cases of COVID-19-associated death have been reported as of September 2021. The question whether recovery from COVID-19 results in prevention of reinfection can be answered with a “no” since cases of reinfections have been reported. The more important question is whether during SARS-CoV-2 infection, a protective immunity is built and maintained afterwards in a way which protects from possibly severe courses of disease in case of a reinfection. A similar question arises with respect to vaccination: as of September 2021, globally, more than 5.2 billion doses of vaccines have been administered. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study the cellular and humoral immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 in a longitudinal manner. In this study, reconvalescent COVID-19 patients have been followed up for more than 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection to characterize in detail the long-term humoral as well as cellular immunity. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies could be detected for a period of more than 1 year after infection, indicating that the immune protection established during initial infection is maintained and might possibly protect from severe disease in case of reinfection or infection with novel emerging variants. Moreover, these data demonstrate the opportunity for immunotherapy of hospitalized COVID-19 patients via adoptive transfer of functional antiviral T cells isolated from reconvalescent individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels started to decline 6 months postvaccination ( 9 ). Thus, people who have not been vaccinated or have been vaccinated longer than 6 months remain in danger of potential infection or reinfection ( 10 , 11 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A Virus Coinfections in Ferrets

Huang

Skarlupka

Jang

et al. 2022

J Virol

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are co-circulating in the human population. However, only a few cases of viral co-infection with these two viruses have been documented in humans with some people having severe disease and others mild disease. In order to examine this phenomenon, ferrets were co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and human seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1 or H3N2) and were compared to animals that received each virus alone. Ferrets were either immunologically naïve to both viruses or vaccinated with the 2019-2020 split-inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Co-infected naive ferrets lost significantly more body weight than ferrets infected with each virus alone and induced more severe inflammation in both the nose and lungs than ferrets single-infected with each virus. Co-infected naïve animals had predominantly higher IAV titers than SARS-CoV-2 titers, and IAVs efficiently transmitted to the co-housed ferrets by direct contact. Comparatively, SARS-CoV-2 failed to transmit to the ferrets that co-housed with co-infected ferrets by direct contact. Moreover, vaccination significantly reduced IAVs virus titers and shortened the viral shedding, but did not completely block influenza virus direct contact transmission. Notably, vaccination significantly ameliorated the influenza associated disease by protecting vaccinated animals from severe morbidity after IAV single infection or IAV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, suggesting that seasonal influenza virus vaccination is pivotal to prevent severe disease induced by IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Importance Influenza A viruses cause severe morbidity and mortality during each influenza virus season. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population offers the opportunity to potential co-infections of both viruses. The development of useful animal models to asses pathogenesis, transmission, and viral evolution of these viruses as the co-infect a host is of critical importance for the development of vaccines and therapeutics. The ability to prevent the most severe effects of viral co-infections can be studied using effect co-infection ferret models described in this report.

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“…During primary attack, three out of four had moderately severe infection and one mild disease, but all four HCWs had marginally mild infection in the course of second episode. In contrast, a few studies reported severe second episode compared to the first,[ 9 10 ] raising the question of the longevity of immunological response and antibody titers, which requires further studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, many cases of virologically confirmed reinfections have been reported globally. [ 8 9 10 ] Besides, very little is known about the presentation, severity, and outcome of these infections in India. Vaccination against COVID-19 is the chief approach in changing the course of pandemic globally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%