SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: report of two cases in Southeast Brazil

Yu, Ana Lúcia Frugis; Liphaus, Bernadete L.; Ferreira, Patrícia Marques; Tanamachi, Angela Tiemi; Masuda, Eliana Tiemi; Trevisan, Camila Martins; Lucas, Pamella Cristina de Carvalho; Bugno, Adriana; Carvalhanas, Telma Regina Marques Pinto

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946202163050

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…So far, reinfections are rare as some studies show primary infections to generate a protective immune response in most cases ( 56 – 59 ). Nonetheless, various case reports describe reinfections often being associated with low immune responses during the first infection as well as different strains of SARS-CoV-2 infecting one individual ( 60 – 63 ). Although the individual in the present study presented clear signs of a specific immune response after the first infection, immune cells, antibody levels and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells decreased within 32 weeks post symptom onset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

et al. 2021

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Since its declaration as a pandemic in March 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 217 million people worldwide and despite mild disease in the majority of the cases, more than 4.5 million cases of COVID-19-associated death have been reported as of September 2021. The question whether recovery from COVID-19 results in prevention of reinfection can be answered with a “no” since cases of reinfections have been reported. The more important question is whether during SARS-CoV-2 infection, a protective immunity is built and maintained afterwards in a way which protects from possibly severe courses of disease in case of a reinfection. A similar question arises with respect to vaccination: as of September 2021, globally, more than 5.2 billion doses of vaccines have been administered. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study the cellular and humoral immunity toward SARS-CoV-2 in a longitudinal manner. In this study, reconvalescent COVID-19 patients have been followed up for more than 1 year after SARS-CoV-2 infection to characterize in detail the long-term humoral as well as cellular immunity. Both SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells and antibodies could be detected for a period of more than 1 year after infection, indicating that the immune protection established during initial infection is maintained and might possibly protect from severe disease in case of reinfection or infection with novel emerging variants. Moreover, these data demonstrate the opportunity for immunotherapy of hospitalized COVID-19 patients via adoptive transfer of functional antiviral T cells isolated from reconvalescent individuals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

et al. 2021

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“…Two case reports reported on patients who had been vaccinated before reinfection. One patient developed reinfection 10 days after the first dose bur did not report the vaccine type [68]. Another patient developed reinfection 13 days after the first dose of Pfizer vaccination was administered [41].…”

Section: Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the included studies, viral gene sequencing revealed mutations among some patients. Of the 29 studies that reported mutations in details, D614G was the most common mutation [10, 34-36, 38, 39, 42, 47-49, 52, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71], and other mutations such as N440K [70] and E484K [50,68,69] were also detected. See Additional file 1: Table S7.…”

Section: Viral Mutations Of Reinfected Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review

Ren

Zhou

Guo

et al. 2022

glob health res policy

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Background With the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients have become reinfected with the virus. Viral gene sequencing has found that some of these patients were reinfected by the different and others by same strains. This has raised concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and the reliability of vaccines. To this end, we conducted a systematic review to assess the characteristics of patients with reinfection and possible causes. Methods A systematic search was conducted across eight databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed from December 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021. The quality of included studies were assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results This study included 50 studies from 20 countries. There were 118 cases of reinfection. Twenty-five patients were reported to have at least one complication. The shortest duration between the first infection and reinfection was 19 days and the longest was 293 days. During the first infection and reinfection, cough (51.6% and 43.9%) and fever (50% and 30.3%) were the most common symptoms respectively. Nine patients recovered, seven patients died, and five patients were hospitalized, but 97 patients’ prognosis were unknown. B.1 is the most common variant strain at the first infection. B.1.1.7, B.1.128 and B.1.351 were the most common variant strains at reinfection. Thirty-three patients were infected by different strains and 9 patients were reported as being infected with the same strain. Conclusions Our research shows that it is possible for rehabilitated patients to be reinfected by SARS-COV-2. To date, the causes and risk factors of COVID-19 reinfection are not fully understood. For patients with reinfection, the diagnosis and management should be consistent with the treatment of the first infection. The public, including rehabilitated patients, should be fully vaccinated, wear masks in public places, and pay attention to maintaining social distance to avoid reinfection with the virus.

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“…Cases of reinfection have been reported since the beginning of the pandemic (12,20,(52)(53)(54), including in Brazil (55)(56)(57). Studies have shown that an acquired immune response can reduce the risk of transmission by up to 90%, with an interval of 6-10 months (58)(59)(60).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal study of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 of health professionals in Brazil: the impact of booster dose and reinfection on antibody dynamics

Franco-Luiz

Fernandes

Silva

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has had a major impact on health systems. Vaccines have been shown to be effective in improving the clinical outcome of COVID-19, but they are not able to fully prevent infection and reinfection, especially that caused by new variants. Here, we tracked for 450 days the humoral immune response and reinfection in 52 healthcare workers from Brazil. Infection and reinfection were confirmed by RT-qPCR, while IgM and IgG antibody levels were monitored by rapid test. Of the 52 participants, 19 (36%) got reinfected during the follow-up period, all presenting mild symptoms. For all participants, IgM levels dropped sharply, with over 47% of them becoming seronegative by the 60th day. For IgG, 90% of the participants became seropositive within the first 30 days of follow-up. IgG antibodies also dropped after this period reaching the lowest level on day 270 (68.5±72.3, p<0.0001). Booster dose and reinfection increased the levels of both antibodies, with the interaction between them resulting in an increase in IgG levels of 130.3 units. Overall, our data indicate that acquired humoral immunity declines over time and suggests that IgM and IgG antibody levels are not associated with the prevention of reinfection.

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SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: report of two cases in Southeast Brazil

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

Long-Lasting Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2: Dream or Reality?

Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review

Longitudinal study of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 of health professionals in Brazil: the impact of booster dose and reinfection on antibody dynamics

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