SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Spain – Authors' reply

Pollán, Marina; Pérez‐Gómez, Beatriz; Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto; Oteo, Jesús; Pérez‐Olmeda, Mayte; Yotti, Raquel

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32266-2

Cited by 143 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Population-based and community-based studies in USA showed a great variability in seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from 1.1% to 14.4% [63][64][65][66][67]. Similar studies in Europe [68][69][70] and China [71] found very different seroprevalence in general population ranging from 0.23% to 10.9%. These differences in seroprevalence among studies may be attributable to several reasons, e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Galanis

Vraka

Fragkou

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Health care workers (HCWs) represent a high risk population for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs, and to find out the factors that are associated with this seroprevalence. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were applied for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Databases including PubMed/MEDLINE and pre-print services (medRχiv and bioRχiv) were searched from inception up to August 24, 2020. Findings: Fifty studies, including 184,898 HCWs met the inclusion criteria. The estimated overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs was 8.4% (95% CI: 6.1-11.1%). Seroprevalence was higher in studies that were conducted in North America (12.7%) compared to those in Africa (8.2), Europe (8.1%) and Asia (4%). Meta-regression showed that increased sensitivity of antibodies test was associated with increased seroprevalence. The following factors were associated with seropositivity: male gender, Black, Asian, and Hispanic HCWs, work in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unit, patient-related work, frontline health care workers, health care assistants, personal protective equipment shortage, self-reported belief for previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, previous positive polymerase chain reaction test, and household contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among HCWs is high. Excellent adherence to infection prevention and control measures, sufficient and adequate personal protective equipment, and early recognition, identification and isolation of HCWs that are infected with SARS-CoV-2 are imperative to decrease the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Galanis

Vraka

Fragkou

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Summarizing the seroprevalence studies, the picture remains heterogenous. population of children in detail, the studies of Stringhini (30), Fontanet (28), Streeck (27), and Pollán (29) found lower antibody positivity in children aged younger than 10 years when compared to the older children aged 10-20 years. No differences existed in antibody prevalence in the study conducted by Bendavid (84), where all age groups were around a rate of 1.5% positive.…”

Section: Susceptibility For Sars-cov-2 Infection In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The majority of studies, especially in China, was conducted when the incidence of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections was very low. Only the studies of Wang (26), Streeck (27), Fontanet (28), Pollán (29), and Stringhini (30) were performed when the incidence in the respective countries was high. When taking national reactions against spreading of the pandemic into account, we found that most of the studies were at least initiated before travel restrictions, stay-at-home policies, school closures, and restrictions on gatherings were established.…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-Household and Close-Contact SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Children – a Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Introduction: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a range of emergency measures worldwide. Early in the pandemic, children were suspected to act as drivers of the COVID-19 spread in the population, which was based on experiences with influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens. Consequently, closures of schools and kindergartens were implemented in many countries around the world, alongside with other non-pharmaceutical interventions for transmission control. Given the grave and multifaceted consequences of contact restriction measures for children, it is crucial to better understand the effect size of these incisive actions for the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we systematically review the current evidence on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to and by children.Data Sources: PubMed and preprints uploaded on medRxiv.Study Selection: Original research articles, case reports, brief communications, and commentaries were included into the analysis. Each title or abstract was independently reviewed to identify relevant articles. Studies in other languages than English were not included.Data Extraction: Two reviewers independently reviewed the selected studies. Extracted data included citation of each study, type of healthcare setting, location of the study, characteristics of patient population, and reported outcomes.Results: Data on transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on or by children is scarce. Several studies show a lower seropositivity of children compared to adults, suggesting a lower susceptibility of especially younger children. Most insight currently comes from household studies suggesting, that children are predominantly infected by their household contacts. The contagiousness however, seems to be comparable between children and adults, based on our meta-analysis of included studies.Conclusions: Larger and systematic studies are urgently needed to better understand the age dependent patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and thereby design more effective non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce disease transmission.

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“…Worth noting, Spain, a nation which has suffered greatly from the pandemic a s well, conducted one of the greatest epidemiological studies to establish seropositivity. Pollan et al explored seropositivity through both point of care (POC) -testing and immunoassays in August, with 61,075 and 51,958 tests respectively (30). The seropositivity with the POC tests was 5.0%, while the immunoassays showed 4.6%.…”

Section: Seroprevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Responses in COVID-19: A Review

et al. 2021

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic. Although its seroprevalence is highly variable among territories, it has been reported at around 10%, but higher in health workers. Evidence regarding cross-neutralizing response between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is still controversial. However, other previous coronaviruses may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 infection, since they are phylogenetically related and share the same target receptor. Further, the seroconversion of IgM and IgG occurs at around 12 days post onset of symptoms and most patients have neutralizing titers on days 14-20, with great titer variability. Neutralizing antibodies correlate positively with age, male sex, and severity of the disease. Moreover, the use of convalescent plasma has shown controversial results in terms of safety and efficacy, and due to the variable immune response among individuals, measuring antibody titers before transfusion is mostly required. Similarly, cellular immunity seems to be crucial in the resolution of the infection, as SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells circulate to some extent in recovered patients. Of note, the duration of the antibody response has not been well established yet.

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SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Spain – Authors' reply

Cited by 143 publications

References 9 publications

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors in health care workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Intra-Household and Close-Contact SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Children – a Systematic Review

Antibody Responses in COVID-19: A Review

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