SARS-CoV-2, the autoimmune virus

Halpert, Gilad; Shoenfeld, Yehuda

doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102695

Cited by 162 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Evidence from clinical trials has shown the presence of autoimmune reactions in COVID-19 patients and a strong association between this autoimmunity and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 62 ]. Anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANA) [ 63 ], Lupus anti-coagulant, Anti-SSA (anti–Sjögren’s-syndrome-related antigen A) autoantibodies, anti-cardiolipin (aCL) [ 64 ] and anti-β2 glycoprotein 1 (aβ2GP1) autoantibodies are autoimmune markers that have been detected in COVID-19 patients [ 65 ]. Cui et al detected high blood factor VIII (FVIII), along with the last two antibodies, in COVID-19 patients, indicating hypercoagulation in them [ 66 ].…”

Section: Sars-cov-2 and Immune And Autoimmune Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cell Proteostasis Network on the Survival of SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2021

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The proteostasis network includes all the factors that control the function of proteins in their native state and minimize their non-functional or harmful reactions. The molecular chaperones, the important mediator in the proteostasis network can be considered as any protein that contributes to proper folding and assembly of other macromolecules, through maturating of unfolded or partially folded macromolecules, refolding of stress-denatured proteins, and modifying oligomeric assembly, otherwise it leads to their proteolytic degradation. Viruses that use the hosts’ gene expression tools and protein synthesis apparatus to survive and replicate, are obviously protected by such a host chaperone system. This means that many viruses use members of the hosts’ chaperoning system to infect the target cells, replicate, and spread. During viral infection, increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to high expression of viral proteins enhances the level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and induces cell apoptosis or necrosis. Indeed, evidence suggests that ER stress and the induction of unfolded protein response (UPR) may be a major aspect of the corona-host virus interaction. In addition, several clinical reports have confirmed the autoimmune phenomena in COVID-19-patients, and a strong association between this autoimmunity and severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Part of such autoimmunity is due to shared epitopes among the virus and host. This article reviews the proteostasis network and its relationship to the immune system in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Sars-cov-2 and Immune And Autoimmune Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cell Proteostasis Network on the Survival of SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2021

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“…It is known that individuals with autoimmune disorders are more prone to cancer, where compromised immune responses act in favor of cancer (Giat et al 2017 ). SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to induce autoimmunity (Halpert and Shoenfeld 2020 ; Ehrenfeld et al 2020 ), which may invite opportunistic diseases such as cancer with long-lasting complications even with decreased viral load. Therefore, counteracting the inflammatory storm should be prioritised while subsequent treatments are directed to reduce the viral load or spread.…”

Section: Summary and Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting

Subbarao

2021

Inflammopharmacol

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Inflammation is an intrinsic defence mechanism triggered by the immune system against infection or injury. Chronic inflammation allows the host to recover or adapt through cellular and humoral responses, whereas acute inflammation leads to cytokine storms resulting in tissue damage. In this review, we present the overlapping outcomes of cancer inflammation with virus-induced inflammation. The study emphasises how anti-inflammatory drugs that work against cancer inflammation may work against the inflammation caused by the viral infection. It is established that the cytokine storm induced in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to disease-associated mortality. While cancer remains the second among the diseases associated with mortality worldwide, cancer patients' mortality rates are often observed upon extended periods after illness, usually ranging from months to years. However, the mortality rates associated with COVID-19 disease are robust. The cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to be responsible for the multi-organ failure and increased mortality rates. Since both cancer and COVID-19 disease share overlapping inflammatory mechanisms, repurposing some anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs for COVID-19 may lower mortality rates. Here, we review some of these inflammatory mechanisms and propose some potential chemotherapeutic agents to intervene in them. We also discuss the repercussions of anti-inflammatory drugs such as glucocorticoids and hydroxychloroquine with zinc or antiviral drugs such as ivermectin and remdesivir against SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm. In this review, we emphasise on various possibilities to reduce SARS-CoV-2 induced cytokine storm.

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“…Inflammatory/autoimmune-related symptoms complained by corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, reflect the strong pathogenetic association between the severe acute syndrome corona virus2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and autoimmunity [7,8]. COVID-19 subsequent effects of an inflammatory-immune dysregulation significantly impaired the management of chronic rheumatic diseases, including systemic sclerosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of immunoglobulins free light chains in serum and urine of patients with system sclerosis: novel biomarkers for activity disease

Gigante

Pellicano

Leodori

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Free light chains (FLC), considered a biomarker of B cell activity, are frequently elevated in different systemic inflammatory-autoimmune diseases. As systemic sclerosis (SSc) clinical course may be variable, this study aimed to assess FLCs levels in serum and urine of affected individuals, as biomarkers of disease activity. We assessed FLC levels in serum and urine of 72 SSc patients and 30 healthy controls (HC). Results were analyzed in comparison with overall clinical and laboratory findings, disease activity index (DAI) and disease severity scale (DSS). SSc patients displayed increased levels of k and λ FLC in serum, significantly higher than HC (p=0.0001) alongside with the mean levels of free k/λ ratio and of the k+λ sum (p=0.0001). In addition, SSc patients had significant higher levels in the urine of free k and of k/λ ratio than HC (p=0.0001). SSc patients with increased k+λ sum in serum showed a statistically higher levels of erythro-sedimentation rate (p=0.034), C-reactive protein (p=0.003), higher DAI (p=0.024) and DSS (p=0.015) than SSc patients with normal levels of FLC. A positive linear correlation was found between serum levels of free k and DAI (r=0.29, p=0.014). SSc patients with increased free k in urine had statistically higher DAI (p=0.048) than SSc patients with normal level of free k. The significant increased levels of FLC correlated with disease activity in SSc patients. Our results strengthen the role of FLC as useful biomarkers in clinical practice to early diagnosis and monitor disease activity with an improvement of SSc patients’ management.

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SARS-CoV-2, the autoimmune virus

Cited by 162 publications

References 36 publications

Effects of Cell Proteostasis Network on the Survival of SARS-CoV-2

Effects of Cell Proteostasis Network on the Survival of SARS-CoV-2

Cancer vs. SARS-CoV-2 induced inflammation, overlapping functions, and pharmacological targeting

Assessment of immunoglobulins free light chains in serum and urine of patients with system sclerosis: novel biomarkers for activity disease

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