SARS-CoV-2: The Path of Prevention and Control

Mohamed, Amal Ahmed; Mohamed, Nouran; Mohamoud, Seham; Zahran, Fawkia E.; Khattab, Rania Abdelmonem; El-damasy, Dalia A.; Alsayed, Eman

doi:10.2174/1871526520666200520112848

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Moreover, the estimated number is still very higher than previous rounds of coronavirus like infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) if we considered the period between the when was estimation 2 Serial interval refers to the duration of time between the onset of symptoms in an index case and a secondary case. 3 Generation time refers to the time interval between successive infections in the chain of transmission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared it as pandemic and suggested countries to take aggressive measures to reduce new infections [2]. Given no treatments or vaccines available for this virus, countries are now imposing numerous non-medical measures to reduce further infections, which include restricting people's movements, banned international and local travels, quarantine, and isolation [3]. However, the new infections are rising exponentially, in all ages and sexes, irrespective of the countries [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence

2020

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Background The coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) is now a global concern because of its higher transmission capacity and associated adverse consequences including death. The reproductive number of coronavirus provides an estimate of the possible extent of the transmission. This study aims to provide a summary reproductive number of coronavirus based on available global level evidence. Methods A total of three databases were searched on September 15, 2020: PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct. The searches were conducted using a pre-specified search strategy to record studies reported the reproductive number of coronavirus from its inception in December 2019. It includes keywords of coronavirus and its reproductive number, which were combined using the Boolean operators (AND, OR). Based on the included studies, we estimated a summary reproductive number by using the meta-analysis. We used narrative synthesis to explain the results of the studies where the reproductive number was reported, however, were not possible to include in the meta-analysis because of the lack of data (mostly due to confidence interval was not reported). Results Total of 42 studies included in this review whereas 29 of them were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated summary reproductive number was 2.87 (95% CI, 2.39–3.44). We found evidence of very high heterogeneity (99.5%) of the reproductive number reported in the included studies. Our sub-group analysis was found the significant variations of reproductive number across the country for which it was estimated, method and model that were used to estimate the reproductive number, number of case that was considered to estimate the reproductive number, and the type of reproductive number that was estimated. The highest reproductive number was reported for the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship in Japan (14.8). In the country-level, the higher reproductive number was reported for France (R, 6.32, 95% CI, 5.72–6.99) following Germany (R, 6.07, 95% CI, 5.51–6.69) and Spain (R, 3.56, 95% CI, 1.62–7.82). The higher reproductive number was reported if it was estimated by using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) method and the Epidemic curve model. We also reported significant heterogeneity of the type of reproductive number- a high-value reported if it was the time-dependent reproductive number. Conclusion The estimated summary reproductive number indicates an exponential increase of coronavirus infection in the coming days. Comprehensive policies and programs are important to reduce new infections as well as the associated adverse consequences including death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence

2020

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“…Moreover, HCQ was not effective as postexposure prophylaxis against COVID-19 when administered within 4 days after exposure. [25][26][27][28][29] Limitations of the study include small sample size which was not adequately powered for survival endpoint. The number of the included patients was limited because in Egypt, tertiary care hospitals were assigned lately to deal with COVID-19 patients and had many regulations by the Egyptian MOH.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study

Abd-Elsalam

Esmail

Khalaf

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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121

127

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The COVID-19 pandemic is showing an exponential growth, mandating an urgent need to develop an effective treatment. Indeed, to date, a well-established therapy is still lacking. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) added to standard care in patients with COVID-19. This was a multicenter, randomized controlled trial conducted at three major university hospitals in Egypt. One hundred ninety-four patients with confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the study after signing informed consent. They were equally randomized into two arms: 97 patients administrated HCQ plus standard care (HCQ group) and 97 patients administered only standard care as a control arm (control group). The primary endpoints were recovery within 28 days, need for mechanical ventilation, or death. The two groups were matched for age and gender. There was no significant difference between them regarding any of the baseline characteristics or laboratory parameters. Four patients (4.1%) in the HCQ group and 5 (5.2%) patients in the control group needed mechanical ventilation (P = 0.75). The overall mortality did not differ between the two groups, as six patients (6.2%) died in the HCQ group and 5 (5.2%) died in the control group (P = 0.77). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that HCQ treatment was not significantly associated with decreased mortality in COVID-19 patients. So, adding HCQ to standard care did not add significant benefit, did not decrease the need for ventilation, and did not reduce mortality rates in COVID-19 patients.

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“…COVID-19 patients with liver injury tend to develop severe pneumonia and have longer hospital stay [4], [5], [24]. Literature stated that patients with hepatitis B or C viral infection are more prone to suffer from severe hepatitis due to enhanced viral replication during COVID-19 course.…”

Section: Covid-19 In Patients With Pre-existing Liver Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of vaccine is still under ongoing process and should be able in the next 12-18 months. Implementation of health protocol is important to contain the COVID-19 pandemic [24].…”

Section: Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coronavirus Disease-19 and Liver Injury

Siregar

Darmadi

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 is a pandemic since March 11, 2020. The total case is more than a half million worldwide. Liver injury is quite common in COVID-19 patients. Direct viral infection is possible due to the presence of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 in cholangiocytes and hepatocytes. Other proposed mechanisms are virus-induced cytopathic effects, inflammation process, hypoxia and shock, increased apoptotic activity, increased positive end expiratory effect, and drug-induced. The manifestation of liver injury is mild and transient with elevated liver enzymes, bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. Deterioration of liver function can occur in subjects with COVID-19 and underlying liver injury. The management is principally supportive. Hepatoprotective drugs may be administered in severe cases.

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SARS-CoV-2: The Path of Prevention and Control

Cited by 37 publications

References 39 publications

Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence

Reproductive number of coronavirus: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on global level evidence

Hydroxychloroquine in the Treatment of COVID-19: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study

Coronavirus Disease-19 and Liver Injury

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