SASHAYDIALL: A SAS Program for Hayman's Diallel Analysis

Abstract

Different methods of diallel crossing are commonly used in plant breeding. The diallel cross analysis method proposed by Hayman is particularly useful because it provides information, among others, on additive and dominance effects of genes, average degree of dominance, proportion of dominance, direction of dominance, distribution of genes, maternal and reciprocal effects, number of groups of genes that control a trait and exhibit dominance, ratio of dominant to recessive alleles in all the parents, and broad‐sense and narrow‐sense heritability. In this paper, we fully describe a SAS‐based software SASHAYDIALL for performing a complete diallel cross analysis based on Hayman's model with or without reciprocals. We demonstrate the use of SASHAYDIALL with two data sets; one is a published diallel cross data set with reciprocals in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.), and the second is a data set from a multilocation diallel cross trial in maize (Zea mays L.) without reciprocals. With SASHAYDIALL, diallel experiments conducted in single sites can be analyzed to estimate various genetic parameters, and this analysis is extended over locations or environments to assess genetic effect × environment interaction. SASHAYDIALL is user‐friendly software that provides detailed genetic information from diallel crosses involving any number of parents and locations.

Métodos de Griffing: revisión sobre su importancia y aplicación en fitomejoramiento convencional

“…Para SAS se han diseñado los códigos y programas para las metodologías de Griffing (1956 b), Hayman (1954) y Gardner y Eberhart (1966, entre otros, para analizar datos con los diseños experimentales completamente al azar, bloques completos al azar y algún látice en uno o más factores (Martínez, 1988;Kang y Zhang, 1977;Zhang et al, 2005;Makumbi et al (2018), si no se dispone de recursos para adquirir una licencia comercial, podría descargarse una versión académica de prueba, con vigencia hasta por un año. AGD-R, PBTools y Genes también son buenas opciones; éstas se pueden descargar gratuitamente de los portales electrónicos del Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT; Rodríguez et al, 2018), del Instituto Internacional de Investigación en Arroz (IRRI, 2014) y de la Universidad Federal de Vicosa (Brasil; Cruz, 2013), respectivamente.…”

Diallel analysis of resistance to Fusarium wilt Race 4 in American pima cotton

“…The ratio between variances caused by GCA and SCA was calculated. The data were further subjected to Hayman's diallel analysis (Hayman, 1954a, 1954b; Mather & Jinks, 1982) with the SASHAYDIALL program (Makumbi et al., 2018) to estimate the genetic parameters for FOV4 resistance. Although diallel analyses based on Griffing's and Hayman's methods were initially proposed for the F 1 hybrids, both methods have been adopted to analyze the results for F 2 or advanced generations (e.g., Matzinger et al., 1971; Hill et al., 2001).…”

The impact of linkage disequilibrium and epistasis in the studies of inheritance based on Hayman’s diallel and generation mean analysis

“…In the context of inheritance, an interesting approach based on diallel cross was proposed by Hayman (1954). However, very few inheritance studies based on Hayman's method were published in the last 10 years (de Lima et al 2019;Makumbi et al 2018;Shahadati-Moghaddam et al 2017;Kalinina and Lyakh 2011). The Hayman's method has indeed some limitations, as the assumptions of no epistasis (independent action of non-allelic genes) and no linkage disequilibrium (LD) (genes independently distributed in the parents).…”