Satellite‐based flood mapping in the boreal region for improving situational awareness

Abstract

Space‐borne remote sensing techniques enable near real‐time mapping of floods cost‐efficiently. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and optical sensors are the most suitable for flood detection. However, SAR has become more popular, due to the independence of sunlight and weather conditions, and the increasing data availability. Typical spring floods occurred in northern Finland during 2018. Various remote sensing sources were utilised for monitoring and damage estimation of the flooding. Floods were mapped with the SAR‐based Finnish Flood Centre's Flood Detection Algorithm (FC‐FloDA), a standard threshold‐based approach applied to Sentinel‐1, and a visual interpretation of Sentinel‐2 images. In addition, flood maps from the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (EMS) and aerial photographs from the city of Tornio were ordered. The flood products and interpretations were compared, and a deeper accuracy assessment was conducted on the FC‐FloDA maps. FC‐FloDA was, in general, the most successful in detecting floods within the test areas. The EMS product and the Sentinel‐1 interpretation worked well in open areas, but did not detect floods in forests. The superiority of Flood Centre's product is mainly based on the adaptation of the algorithm to northern boreal environments and the selection of an optimal polarisation for detecting floods also under tree canopies.

Good practice in risk analysis

“…Observations and data gathering of floods that have occurred, and successful numerical model simulations of past events, are crucial elements in this process. Cohen et al (2021) explore and compare different sources of remote observation techniques relating to fluvial flooding in Finland. Provan et al (2022) describe the successful calibration of a regional storm surge model in Canada.…”

Application of Gated Recurrent Unit Neural Network for Flood Extraction from Synthetic Aperture Radar Time Series

“…Nevertheless, optical data face limitations based on weather conditions and lack the capacity to effectively monitor floods in a timely manner. As an alternative, employing SAR data, which possesses high availability and operability, proves to be a superior option for flood monitoring [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”