Satellite characterization of global stratospheric sulfate aerosols released by Tonga volcano

Bernath, Peter F.; Boone, C. D.; Pastorek, A.; Cameron, D.; Lecours, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2023.108520

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…During the PSC season, as the temperature decreases, water vapor pressure will decrease and even more water will go into the sulfate aerosols, further diluting the H 2 SO 4 . The median radius, however depends only weakly on temperature and water vapor pressure (Bernath et al., 2023).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antarctic Polar Stratospheric Cloud Analysis of ACE‐FTS Data From 2005 to 2023

Lecours,

Boone,

Bernath

2024

JGR Atmospheres

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We present an analysis of Antarctic polar winters from 2005 to 2023 as observed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE). The unique broad band infrared spectral features in ACE “residual” spectra are used to classify the spectra of polar aerosols by composition into polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) and sulfate aerosols. The spectra of PSCs are further classified into nitric acid trihydrate, supercooled ternary solutions, supercooled nitric acid, ice‐mix, and mixtures of PSCs. A breakdown of PSC composition is presented for each year. Antarctic winter seasons with unusual compositions are: 2011, in which volcanic ash mixed with PSCs was observed from July to August; 2019, which experienced a stratospheric warming event; 2020, the PSC season following the Australian Black Summer pyrocumulonimbus event; and 2023, which had unusually large sulfate aerosols following the Honga‐Tonga Honga Ha'apai eruption of 2022.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composition of a sulfate aerosol at a given temperature depends primarily on the water vapor pressure (Bernath et al., 2023; Steele & Hamill, 1981). HTHH increased the water vapor pressure in the stratosphere such that the sulfate aerosols uptake more water to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antarctic Polar Stratospheric Cloud Analysis of ACE‐FTS Data From 2005 to 2023

Lecours,

Boone,

Bernath

2024

JGR Atmospheres

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“…There is no indication of smoke in any of the spectra. There is no indication of the aerosols having different layers above and below 12 km, except for the fact that the percentage of H 2 O in the droplet increases with decreasing altitude due to higher atmospheric H 2 O vapor pressure at lower altitudes (Bernath et al, 2023;Steele & Hamill, 1981). See the fitted values for wt% H 2 SO 4 in Table A1 for this occultation and the changing prominence of the O-H stretch spectral feature near 3,300 cm 1 in Figure 6.…”

Section: Upper Troposphere Enhancements and Investigating Altitude Va...mentioning

confidence: 95%

Reply to: “Comment on ‘Stratospheric Aerosol Composition Observed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Following the 2019 Raikoke Eruption’ by Boone et al.” by Ansmann et al.

Boone

2024

JGR Atmospheres

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The question of stratospheric aerosol type following the Raikoke eruption is revisited. Raman lidar measurements suggest the aerosols are predominately smoke, while Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier transform spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) results indicate the aerosols are predominately sulfate aerosols. The suggested mechanism of smoke particles self‐lofting into the stratosphere is inconsistent with observations in 2020, when more severe Siberian fires failed to invoke a response even vaguely similar to 2019. A side‐by side comparison of the Sarychev and Raikoke eruptions invalidates model calculations that suggest sulfate aerosols should be at levels too low to explain the observed aerosol loading. Structure in infrared absorption spectra provides conclusive evidence of composition, a unique fingerprint for identifying aerosol type. Such information cannot be misinterpreted so long as there is sufficient resolution and spectral coverage. ACE‐FTS infrared aerosol spectra often have an order of magnitude stronger absorption than that of background sulfate aerosols. These spectra can be accurately reproduced by laboratory measured sulfate aerosol spectroscopic information, providing unambiguous identification of the aerosols as sulfate. Visual inspection of thousands of infrared aerosol spectra from the period following the Raikoke eruption indicates the aerosols in the lower stratosphere are predominately sulfate, with no indication of smoke. The lidar study's identification of the aerosols as smoke was based primarily on observed lidar ratios that were more consistent with a material that absorbed significantly at the lidar wavelengths, inconsistent with expectations for sulfate aerosols. However, this could indicate the presence of a substance dissolved in the sulfate aerosols absorbing at those wavelengths rather than smoke particles.

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“…The system primarily measures the backscatter signal of atmospheric molecules, but there are inevitably aerosols and clouds present in the atmosphere, such as the stratospheric aerosol layer around 20 km, and the cirrus in the upper troposphere [26][27][28]. Therefore, the impact of Mie signals on wind measurement must be considered.…”

Section: For Rayleigh-mie Backscattering Signalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impacts of Deformed Fabry–Perot Interferometer Transmission Spectrum on Wind Lidar Measurements

Zhao,

Chen,

Xie

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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The Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) plays a crucial role as the frequency discriminator in the incoherent Doppler wind lidar. However, in the practical receiver system, reflections occurring between optical elements introduce non-normal incident components in the light beams passing through the FPI. This phenomenon results in the deformation of the FPI transmission spectral lines. Based on that, a theoretical model has been developed to describe the transmission spectrum of the FPI when subjected to obliquely incident light beams with a divergence angle. By appropriately adjusting the model parameters, the simulated transmission spectrum of the FPI edge channels can coincide with the experimentally measured FPI spectral line. Subsequently, the impact of deformations in the transmission spectrum of the two edge channels on wind measurements is evaluated. The first implication is a systematic shift of 30.7 m/s in line-of-sight (LOS) wind velocities. This shift is based on the assumption that the lidar echo is solely backscattered from atmospheric molecules. The second consequence is the inconsistency in the response sensitivities of Doppler frequency shift between Rayleigh signals and Mie signals. As a result, the lidar system fails to fully achieve its initial design objectives, particularly in effectively suppressing interference from Mie signals. The presence of aerosols can introduce a significant error of several meters per second in the measurement of LOS wind velocity.

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Satellite characterization of global stratospheric sulfate aerosols released by Tonga volcano

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Antarctic Polar Stratospheric Cloud Analysis of ACE‐FTS Data From 2005 to 2023

Antarctic Polar Stratospheric Cloud Analysis of ACE‐FTS Data From 2005 to 2023

Reply to: “Comment on ‘Stratospheric Aerosol Composition Observed by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Following the 2019 Raikoke Eruption’ by Boone et al.” by Ansmann et al.

The Impacts of Deformed Fabry–Perot Interferometer Transmission Spectrum on Wind Lidar Measurements

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