Satellite data reveals 26 January 2001 Kutch earthquake-induced ground changes and appearance of water bodies

Saraf, A. K.; Sinvhal, Amita; Sinvhal, H.; Ghosh, Prosun Kumar; Sarma, Bibhash

doi:10.1080/01431160110107824

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…This image captured near-real-time effects of the earthquake. Reconnaissance teams identified some of these as liquefaction and cited that the accessibility to several regions of the affected area was poor, particularly due to earthquake-induced damage (Bilham, 2001;Mohanty et al, 2001;Narula and Choubey, 2001;Saraf et al, 2002;Singh et al, 2002;and Ramakrishnan et al, 2006). In this study, we use satellite images acquired by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper to evaluate its use in mapping earthquakeinduced liquefaction-related surface effects.…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Documenting Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Using Satellite Remote Sensing Image Transformations

Oommen

Baise

Gens

et al. 2013

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience

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Documenting earthquake-induced liquefaction effects is important to validate empirical liquefaction susceptibility models and to enhance our understanding of the liquefaction process. Currently, after an earthquake, field-based mapping of liquefaction can be sporadic and limited due to inaccessibility and lack of resources. Alternatively, researchers have used change detection with remotely sensed pre-and postearthquake satellite images to map earthquake-induced effects. We hypothesize that as liquefaction occurs in saturated granular soils due to an increase in pore pressure, liquefaction-induced surface changes should be associated with increased moisture, and spectral bands/transformations that are sensitive to soil moisture can be used to identify these areas. We verify our hypothesis using change detection with pre-and postearthquake thermal and tasseled cap wetness images derived from available Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM + ) for the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in India. The tasseled cap wetness image is directly related to the soil moisture content, whereas the thermal image is inversely related to it. The change detection of the tasseled cap transform wetness image helped to delineate earthquake-induced liquefaction areas that corroborated well with previous studies. The extent of liquefaction varied within and between geomorphological units, which we believe can be attributed to differences in the soil moisture retention capacity within and between the geomorphological units.

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Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 97%

Documenting Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Using Satellite Remote Sensing Image Transformations

Oommen

Baise

Gens

et al. 2013

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience

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“…Saraf, 1998). Later, the e cacies of the PCT for change detection have been successfully demonstrated by (A. K. Saraf et al, 2002;Sharma et al, 2018) for the purpose of damage assessments / change detection. The conventional PCT technique facilitates the combination of various bands in different colour schemes, such as RGB, IHS and CMY.…”

Section: Triggering Of the Coalescent Natural Disastermentioning

confidence: 99%

Dhauliganga, Uttarakhand, India Coalescent Natural Disaster: A Geoinformatics Perspective

Dwivedi

Goswami

Panchal

et al. 2021

Preprint

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On 07 February 2021 around 10:30 hrs local time catastrophic flash flood occurred in the Dhauliganga River (a tributary of Ganga River) near Rini village at 2000m above msl (mean sea level) (Chamoli District), which killed 79 people and about 125 people are still missing. Part of the area belongs to Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve which is completely protected from human interventions. Further, on Dhauliganga River, there were two run-of-river hydroelectric power Rishiganga Small Hydro (13.2 MW) at 1975m above msl and Tapovan Vishnugad (520 MW) at 1795m above msl projects which were also severely damaged due to the devastating flash flood. More than 150 workers were also trapped in the under construction power tunnel of Tapovan Vishnugad project. Further, it is important to note that the study area belongs to highly seismically active region and Zone-V Seismic Zoning Map of India which comes under highly vulnerable category. During last thirty years the region has also witnessed about 53 earthquakes (within 100km) of magnitude ranging Mw 3.2–6.6. Similarly, landslide hazard zonation map of Uttarakhand also shows that the study area belongs to very high to severe category. Initial assessment on the day of event suggested that there was a glacial burst. However, later series of remote sensing images revealed that initially there was heavy snow fall during 03-05th February 2021 in the region. Later, it has been evaluated through time series high spatial resolution remote sensing images of various satellites that a large part of a north facing triangular shaped slope (having about 660m base and about 1100m height, estimated total volume 18.1 million m3 which includes rocks, snow and ice) at 5540m above msl has failed which was also supporting a small hanging glacier. This landslide and consequently massive debris flow into the Raunthi Gadhera initially blocked flow of Dhauliganga near Rini village [at 2000m above msl (mean sea level)] which later failed around 10:30 hrs on 07 February 2021 and has brought a catastrophic flash flood in the Dhauliganga river. Further, remote sensing images acquired around 10:33 hrs of 07th February 2021 revealed a large dust cloud which clearly unravels the sequence of events from high-altitude landslide, collapse of a small hanging glacier, snow avalanche to catastrophic flooding. Even after the catastrophic flash flood of 07th February 2021, an elongated lake (length about 800m, width at the front is about 100m and having depth of about 46m including freshly deposited debris and silt of about 10m, an estimated total volume of water might be ≈ 800000 m3) was created due to blocking of flow of Rishi Ganga River which still postures flash flood hazard for the downstream areas.

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“…The methodologies adopted by these workers include image differencing (Mohanty et al, 2001, Singh et al, 2001 and picture colour transformation (Saraf et al, 2002). These methods help in mapping the liquefaction accurately.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mapping the liquefaction induced soil moisture changes using remote sensing technique: an attempt to map the earthquake induced liquefaction around Bhuj, Gujarat, India

Ramakrishnan¹,

Mohanty

Nayak

et al. 2006

Geotech Geol Eng

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The Bhuj earthquake (Mw=7.9) occurred in the western part of India on 26th January 2001 and resulted in the loss of 20,000 lives and caused extensive damage to property. Soil liquefaction related ground failures such as lateral spreading caused significant damage to bridges, dams and other civil engineering structures in entire Kachchh peninsula. The Bhuj area is a part of large sedimentary basin filled with Jurassic, Tertiary and Quaternary deposits. This work pertains to mapping the areas that showed sudden increase in soil moisture after the seismic event, using remote sensing technique. Multi-spectral, spatial and temporal data sets from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite are used to derive the Liquefaction Sensitivity Index (LSeI). The basic concept behind LSeI is that the near infrared and shortwave infrared regions of electromagnetic spectrum are highly absorbed by soil moisture. Thus, the LSeI is herein used to identify the areas with increase in soil moisture after the seismic event. The LSeI map of Bhuj is then correlated with field-based observation on Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) and Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR), depth to water table, soil density and Liquefaction Severity Index (LSI). The derived LSeI values are in agreement with liquefaction susceptible criteria and observed LSI (R 2 =0.97). The results of the study indicate that the LSeI after calibration with LSI can be used as a quick tool to map the liquefied areas. On the basis of LSeI, LSI, CRR, CSR and saturation, the unconsolidated sediments of the Bhuj area are classified into three susceptibility classes.

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Satellite data reveals 26 January 2001 Kutch earthquake-induced ground changes and appearance of water bodies

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

Documenting Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Using Satellite Remote Sensing Image Transformations

Documenting Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Using Satellite Remote Sensing Image Transformations

Dhauliganga, Uttarakhand, India Coalescent Natural Disaster: A Geoinformatics Perspective

Mapping the liquefaction induced soil moisture changes using remote sensing technique: an attempt to map the earthquake induced liquefaction around Bhuj, Gujarat, India

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