Satellite electron-diffraction in NbSe3 below T = 59 K

Weyl focusing effects on image magnification due to randomly distributed isothermal objects

“…The study of the in¯uences of the correlation on the Weyl focusing lies outside the scope of this paper, and will be examined in future works. On the other hand, the Weyl focusing effect due to large-scale structures is investigated by using N-body simulation (Jaroszyn Âski et al 1990) and analytically (Nakamura 1997). These two studies show that, although there is an uncertainty in the normalization of the density power spectrum, the magnitude of Weyl focusing arising from the large-scale structure is of the order 10 À2 , 10 À1 for the source redshifts of 1 < z s < 5 (®g.…”

“…In these studies, the effects of Weyl focusing, which induce a shear of the light ray bundle, were neglected. Nakamura (1997) examined the effects of the shear on image magni®cation in the cold dark matter model universe with linear density perturbation. He found that the effect is suf®ciently small to conclude that Weyl focusing can be safely neglected for a light ray passing through linear density inhomogeneities.…”

The Thermodynamics of Relativistic Multi-Fluid Systems

“…This means that the chose of a frame will determine our notion of these two concepts. In fact, it has been demonstrated [33] that even the concept of volume may be frame depended ( the reader is referred to the appendix (A) for a brief discussion of this) leading to disparities in the estimation of fundamental quantities. This lack of clarity becomes even more pronounced when one considers more than one fluid but as we will show, one can develop global parameters that are linked to the local frame and which allow for ease of physical interpretation.…”

“…V 0 is the volume occupied by a rectangular body in its rest frame. If the region occupied is denoted by 0 < x < L x , 0 < y < L y , 0 < z < L z , then V 0 = L x L y L z [33].…”

“…It is known that when solving gravitational field equations, the standard approach takes into account the bulk-effects and ignores the surface effects, yet we know that when surface terms are evaluated at the horizon they give the entropy of such a horizon ( see [12] and references therein). The characterization of heat and work are also less straight forward, see [33]. It should be emphasised that the heating, however, heat is defined, of a spacetime that is endued with a certain microscopic degree of freedom and which is capable of exhibiting thermal phenomena will necessarily create micro-structure.…”