Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia: its role in pain

Abstract

Background and objectives: Satellite glial cells in sensory ganglia are a recent subject of research in the field of pain and a possible therapeutic target in the future. Therefore, the aim of this study was to summarize some of the important physiological and morphological characteristics of these cells and gather the most relevant scientific evidence about its possible role in the development of chronic pain. Content: In the sensory ganglia, each neuronal body is surrounded by satellite glial cells forming distinct functional units. This close relationship enables bidirectional communication via a paracrine signaling between those two cell types. There is a growing body of evidence that glial satellite cells undergo structural and biochemical changes after nerve injury, which influence neuronal excitability and consequently the development and/or maintenance of pain in different animal models of chronic pain. Conclusions: Satellite glial cells are important in the establishment of physiological pain, in addition to being a potential target for the development of new pain treatments.Células gliais satélite; Gânglio sensitivo; Dor; Células gliais satélite de gânglios sensitivos: o seu papel na dorResumo Justificativa e objetivos: As células gliais satélite de gânglios sensitivos são um objeto recente de pesquisa na área da dor e um possível alvo terapêutico no futuro. Assim, este trabalho tem Comunicação intraganglionar; Receptores purinérgicos como objetivo resumir algumas das características morfológicas e fisiológicas mais importantes destas células e reunir as evidências científicas mais relevantes acerca do seu possível papel no desenvolvimento da dor crônica. Conteúdo: Nos gânglios sensitivos cada corpo neuronial é envolvido por células gliais satélite, formando unidades funcionais distintas. Esta íntima relação possibilita a comunicação bidirecional, através de uma sinalização parácrina, entre estes dois tipos de células. Existe um número crescente de evidências de que as células gliais satélite sofrem alterações estruturais e bioquímicas, após lesão nervosa, que influenciam a excitabilidade neuronial e consequentemente o desenvolvimento e/ou manutenção da dor, em diferentes modelos animais de dor crônica. Conclusões: As células gliais satélite são importantes no estabelecimento da dor não fisiológica e constituem um alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos tratamentos da dor.

P2Y12 receptor upregulation in satellite glial cells is involved in neuropathic pain induced by HIV glycoprotein 120 and 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine

“…The rats were randomly divided into five groups (8-9 rats per group): the control group; the HIV-gp120 plus 2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (ddC) (intraperitoneal injection, i.p.) group (gp120+ddC group); the group of HIV-gp120+ ddC rats treated with the P2Y 12 receptor shRNA plasmid (Invitrogen) interference (gp120+ddC+P2Y 12 shRNA group); the HIV-gp120+ddC rats treated with scrambled shRNA as a negative control (gp120+ddC+NC group); and the rats treated with a sham operation (sham group).…”

“…cDNA synthesis was performed with 2 μg of total RNA using a RevertAid First Strand cDNA SynthesisKit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). Primers were designed with Primer Express 3.0 software (Applied Biosystems) using the following sequences: P2Y 12 receptor forward 5′-CTTCGTTCCCTTCCACTTTG-3′; reverse 5′-AGGGTGCTCTCCTTCACGTA-3′; β-actin, forward 5′-TAAAGACCTCTATGCCAACACAGT-3′, reverse 5′-CACGATGGAGGGGCCGGACTCATC-3′. Quantitative PCR was performed using the SYBR® Green MasterMix in an ABI PRISM® 7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, CA).…”

“…Peripheral nerve exposure to HIVgp120+ddC increased mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in gp120+ddC-treated model rats. The gp120+ddC treatment increased expression of P2Y 12 receptor mRNA and protein in DRG SGCs. In primary cultured DRG SGCs treated with gp120+ddC, the levels of [Ca 2+ ] i activated by the P2Y 12 receptor agonist 2-(Methylthio) adenosine 5′-diphosphate trisodium salt (2-MeSADP) were significantly increased.…”

“…The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) play a crucial role in pain pathways, as they are the first locus where pain sensation is generated [11]. SGCs enwrap the DRG neuronal soma; the neurons and their surrounding SGCs form a morphologically distinct functional unit [11][12][13]. When peripheral nerve injury occurs, SGCs are activated, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is upregulated.…”

“…Activation of satellite glial cells (SGCs) in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) plays a crucial role in mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. The P2Y 12 receptor expressed in SGCs of the DRG is involved in pain transmission. In this study, we explored the role of the P2Y 12 receptor in neuropathic pain induced by HIV envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) combined with ddC (2′,3′-dideoxycytidine).…”