Satpathy, Zhang, and Salehpour reply

Abstract

Satpathy, Zhang, and Salehpour Reply:The Comment of Ho, Chan, and Soukoulis 1 (HCS) contains three points: (1) the question concerning how good the scalarwave approximation is; (2) misplacement of the experimental point in Fig. 4(b) in Ref. 2;and (3) that the scalar-wave equations can be solved by a matrix diagonalization scheme.Concerning the first point, we agree with HCS that the vector nature of the electromagnetic (EM) waves could indeed be important. This is what we said in the last sentence of our original paper and what motivated us to perform the full vector-wave calculation for the periodic structure. 3 We would like to point out that, contrary to the implications of HCS, the single-sphere Mie resonances are unimportant for the experimental dielectric structure. 4 HCS find that the single-sphere Mie resonances of the isolated sphere for the vector EM waves occur at 12.04 and 15.4 GHz. But actually there are no strong Mie resonances when one calculates the scattering coefficient gsca within the Mie theory 5 for single-sphere scattering corresponding to the experimental parameters (background refractive index /i^ =3.5, sphere refractive index /i fl ""l, m=n a /rib -0.286, sphere filling fraction -0.86, and fee lattice constant =12.7 mm). This is shown in Fig. 1 (case m =0.286) where we see no significant peaks in the scattering coefficient indicating that the Mie resonance effects are small in this specific experimental dielectric structure. Furthermore, even if the Mie scattering effects were large, the single-sphere Mie result may not be expected to carry over into the periodic structure of the experiment where the "spheres" occupy as much as 86% of space.For larger values of the sphere refractive index compared to the background index, however, the scattering cross section does contain strong peaks (Fig. 1, case m = 1.5, for instance). In this case, the Mie resonance effect may show up in the photon bands if the sphere packing fraction is not too large. 3 Concerning the second point of HCS, the experimental point was indeed misplaced in Fig. 4(b) and it has now been corrected in the Erratum. 2 No specific conclusion was really drawn in Ref. 2 from the position of this single data point. As far as comparison with experiments pertaining to the EM waves is concerned, the new vector calculations 3,6 supercede the results of the scalar calculations.Concerning the last point of HCS, it is indeed true that the scalar-wave problem is reducible to a matrix diagonalization scheme. Of course, all results remain unchanged whether one uses a root-search scheme or a matrix diagonalization scheme. The results of the scalarwave calculations of Leung and Liu 7 using the matrix diagonalization scheme agree with the results of our original paper.We thank K. M. Leung and E. Yablonovitch for fruit-

Diastolic heart failure: State of the science on best treatment practices

“…The pathophysiology of DHF does not appear to be related to systolic dysfunction, but there is a common coexistence (Baicu et al;Yu et al, 2002). For example, a patient can have pure diastolic dysfunction and no systolic dysfunction; however a patient with systolic dysfunction always has some degree of diastolic dysfunction (Satpathy et al, 2006). In the studies reviewed, LVEF ranged between 40% and 50% or greater (Paul;Sutton & Keane, 2007), and some references only reported reduced ejection fraction (Graham & DeCaro, 2006;Hunt et al).…”

“…Nonpharmacological management can slow the progression of heart failure (Ershow & Costello, 2006). Obesity, poor diet, limited exercise tolerance, smoking, and alcohol are all risk factors for development and worsening the prognosis of heart failure (Ershow & Costello;Satpathy et al, 2006;Thomas-Kvidera, 2005). Powell, Redfield, Bybee, Freeman, and Rihal (2006) found an association between obesity and the development of diastolic dysfunction and that the higher the body mass index (BMI), the higher the left ventricular muscle mass (p < .001).…”

“…Providing information on clinical signs and symptoms, BMI, medications, and support group options empowers the patient and family (Thomas-Kvidera). Worsening clinical signs and symptoms, including shortness of breath, fatigue, decreased exercise tolerance, swelling of lower extremities, orthopnea, and tachycardia, should be discussed (Satpathy et al, 2006). It is also important to teach patients the precipitating factors for decompensation, such as anemia, hyperthyroidism, tachyarrhythmias, and nonadherence with diet and medications (Ahmed, 2004).…”

“…In the past decade, diastolic heart failure (DHF) has emerged as a major health problem. Currently 5 million people in the United States are living with heart failure, and those figures are anticipated to rise over the coming years (Rosamond et al, 2007;Satpathy, Mishra, Satpathy, Satpathy, & Barone, 2006). Approximately 550,000 new cases of heart failure are diagnosed in the United States annually (Miller & Missov, 2001;Rosamond et al).…”

“…Common comorbidities associated with DHF include obesity, renal dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, and hypertension (Hunt et al, 2005;Paul, 2003). Hypertension and ischemia are frequently responsible for the development of DHF (Satpathy et al, 2006). A patient's risk increases two to three times if hypertension is untreated or improperly managed (Thomas-Kvidera).…”