“…Many methods or models have been developed to simulate rainfall-runoff processes for flood forecasting, which are broadly classified into two categories: process-based models and data-driven models (Samaniego et al, 2010;Birkel and Soulsby, 2015;Eslamian et al, 2018b;Seibert et al, 2018;Chen et al, 2020;Fatahi Nafchi et al, 2021;Filipova et al, 2022;Ridolfi et al, 2021;Li et al, 2021a). Process-based models consider the causal mechanisms of rainfall-runoff transformation and generalize complex hydrological phenomena to a certain extent, and therefore play a dominant role in real-time flood forecasting (Zhao, 1992;Guo et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2020;Eslamian et al, 2018a;Beylich et al, 2021).…”