Saturation of the ultrasonic absorption in vitreous silica at low temperatures

Hunklinger, Siegfried; Arnold, W.; Stein, S.; Nava, R.; Dransfeld, Klaus

doi:10.1016/0375-9601(72)90884-5

Cited by 126 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…There exists a finite density of TLS and it has been shown that they can be saturated at both high electromagnetic or acoustic intensities [22] ≈ 2 fm that is experimentally feasible via radiation pressure force and well within the detection capacity offered by optical readout. Importantly, the TLS can be coupled simultaneously to strain and electromagnetic fields and cross-couplings have been demonstrated [23] at microwave intensities (20 W/m 2 at 1 K) that could feasibly be implemented.…”

Section: Temperature Dependent Optical Resonance Frequency-mentioning

confidence: 92%

Cryogenic properties of optomechanical silica microcavities

et al. 2009

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We present the optical and mechanical properties of high-Q fused silica microtoroidal resonators at cryogenic temperatures (down to 1.6 K). A thermally induced optical multistability is observed and theoretically described; it serves to characterize quantitatively the static heating induced by light absorption. Moreover the influence of structural defect states in glass on the toroid mechanical properties is observed and the resulting implications of cavity optomechanical systems on the study of mechanical dissipation discussed.Introduction.-From their ability to combine both high optical and mechanical properties in one and the same device, micro-toroidal optomechanical cavities can be considered as a promising system for future progress in optomechanics at low phonon number [1]. In particular these resonators support high frequency and low mass mechanical eigen-modes (in the range of 60 MHz and 10 ng, respectively) -whose clamping losses can be strongly suppressed with a suitable geometric design [2]-as well as simultaneously ultra-high finesse (10 6 ) optical resonances. This feature allows to enter deeply the resolved sideband regime [3], a prerequisite for cooling their radial breathing mode -a macroscopic mechanical oscillator-down to its quantum ground state. The cryogenic cooling of the resonator lowers the initial mean phonon occupancy of the mode of interest that can be further reduced by optical cooling [4,5,6]. However, the specificity of the device, based on an amorphous material which confines the photons within the dielectric resonator, induces non trivial and hereto unobserved behavior that is presented in this letter. Moreover we discuss systems suitability for further progress towards quantum optomechanics. In particular the phonon coupling to the structural defect states of glass opens promising perspectives for amorphous optomechanical microcavities, that may represent a new powerful tool for probing mechanical decoherence at low temperatures [7].

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Section: Temperature Dependent Optical Resonance Frequency-mentioning

confidence: 92%

Cryogenic properties of optomechanical silica microcavities

et al. 2009

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“…As a prototype material for continuous random network (CRN) model, fused silica is also of great importance in geosciences, material sciences, optics, and the semiconductor industry. Another reason that fused silica is of so much experimental and theoretical interest is its many anomalous behaviors, such as large specific heat, small or negative thermal expansion, large acoustic absorption at low temperature [1][2][3][4], density maximum on heating [5], bulk modulus minimum at $2 GPa [1,6], permanent density increase upon high pressure [7], etc. Fused silica is also found to undergo densification upon many kinds of irradiation [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular dynamics study of UV-laser-induced densification of fused silica. II. Effects of laser pulse duration, pressure, and temperature, and comparison with pressure-induced densification

Zheng

Lambropoulos

Schmid

2005

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…[13][14][15][16] Such resonators have excess noise 2,17 that is equivalent to a jitter of the resonance frequency, likely caused by two-level tunneling systems ͑TLSs͒ in amorphous dielectrics. 18 Indeed, TLS models explain the unusual properties of amorphous materials at low temperatures, [19][20][21][22] and recent qubit experiments 23 have highlighted TLS effects in superconducting microcircuits. While the TLS energy splitting ⌬E has a broad distribution, 22 a resonator with frequency f r is most sensitive to TLS with ⌬E ϳ hf r .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature dependence of the frequency and noise of superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators

Kumar

Gao

Žmuidzinas

et al. 2008

Applied Physics Letters

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We present measurements of the temperature and power dependence of the resonance frequency and frequency noise of superconducting niobium thin-film coplanar waveguide resonators carried out at temperatures well below the superconducting transition ͑T c = 9.2 K͒. The noise decreases by nearly two orders of magnitude as the temperature is increased from 120 to 1200 mK, while the variation of the resonance frequency with temperature over this range agrees well with the standard two-level system ͑TLS͒ model for amorphous dielectrics. These results support the hypothesis that TLSs are responsible for the noise in superconducting microresonators and have important implications for resonator applications such as qubits and photon detectors. 23 have highlighted TLS effects in superconducting microcircuits. While the TLS energy splitting ⌬E has a broad distribution, 22 a resonator with frequency f r is most sensitive to TLS with ⌬E ϳ hf r . The level populations and relaxation rates of such TLS vary strongly at temperatures T ϳ hf r / 2k B , or around 100 mK for the device studied here. Furthermore, such near-resonant TLS may saturate 18 for strong resonator excitation power P w . Hence, measurements of the power and temperature variation of the resonator frequency and noise, as presented in this letter, provide a strong test of the TLS hypothesis.We studied coplanar waveguide ͑CPW͒ quarterwavelength resonators 2,18 fabricated on a high-resistivity ͑ ജ 10 k⍀ cm͒ crystalline silicon substrate by patterning a 200 nm thick niobium film using a photoresist mask and a SF 6 inductively coupled plasma etch. In this device, TLS may be present in the native oxide surface layers on the metal film or substrate. 18 The resonator is capacitively coupled to a CPW feedline ͑Fig. 1͒ that has a 10 m wide center strip and 6 m gaps between the center strip and the ground plane. For the resonator, these dimensions are 5 and 1 m, respectively. The resonator length is 5.8 mm, corresponding to f r = 4.35 GHz. The coupling strength is set lithographically 17,18 ͑see Fig. 1͒ and is characterized by the coupling-limited quality factor Q c =5ϫ 10 5 . The device was cooled using a dilution refrigerator, and its temperature was measured to Ϯ5 mK accuracy using a calibrated RuO 2 thermometer mounted on the copper sample enclosure. The microwave readout ͑Fig. 1͒ uses a standard IQ homodyne mixing technique. 2,17 The IQ mixer's complex output voltage ͑f͒ = I͑f͒ + jQ͑f͒ follows a circular trajectory in the complex plane as the microwave excitation frequency f is varied, 18 and f r and Q r are determined by complex leastsquares fitting of this trajectory to a ten-parameter model:Here ␦x = ͑f − f r ͒ / f r is the fractional frequency offset, S 21 ͑r͒ is the complex forward transmission on resonance, B 0 + B 1 ␦x allows for a linear gain variation, 0 + 1 ␦x allows a similar linear phase variation, and B 2 and 2 specify the output offset voltages of the IQ mixer. The combined noise of the resonator and readout electronics is measured by tuning the synthesi...

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Saturation of the ultrasonic absorption in vitreous silica at low temperatures

Cited by 126 publications

References 9 publications

Cryogenic properties of optomechanical silica microcavities

Cryogenic properties of optomechanical silica microcavities

Molecular dynamics study of UV-laser-induced densification of fused silica. II. Effects of laser pulse duration, pressure, and temperature, and comparison with pressure-induced densification

Temperature dependence of the frequency and noise of superconducting coplanar waveguide resonators

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