“…Numerous studies in the Saudi EFL context focused on students' attitudes and use of online learning (Ali et al, 2023;Al Shammari, 2021;Almekhlafy, 2020;Anas, 2020). Other studies highlighted the challenges that students/teachers face (Ja'ashan, 2020; Mahyoob, 2020), the impact of online learning on students' motivation (Ali et al, 2023;Oraif & Elyas, 2021), anxiety (Mohammed & Mudhsh, 2021), students' perceptions towards online learning (Al-Nofaie, 2020;Al-Sofi, 2020;Aljohani et al, 2021), language strategies (Mohammed, 2021;Shamsan et al, 2021) and informal digital learning (Mohammed & Ali, 2021). However, the study of Saudi EFL students' online test anxiety has remained an unexplored area of research.…”