Saving energy using flywheels

Flynn, M.M.; Mcmullen, P.; Solis, Octavio

doi:10.1109/mias.2008.929351

Cited by 71 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The fuel consumption was reduced by 21%, emissions of nitrous oxides by 26% and particulate emissions by 67%. It is also worth noticing that the number of cycles, 100,000-200,000 per year, would be hard to achieve with batteries, since their lifetime would be severely compromised [66,67].…”

Section: Container Cranes/straddle Carriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications

et al. 2015

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A review of flywheel energy storage technology was made, with a special focus on the progress in automotive applications. We found that there are at least 26 university research groups and 27 companies contributing to flywheel technology development. Flywheels are seen to excel in high-power applications, placing them closer in functionality to supercapacitors than to batteries. Examples of flywheels optimized for vehicular applications were found with a specific power of 5.5 kW/kg and a specific energy of 3.5 Wh/kg. Another flywheel system had 3.15 kW/kg and 6.4 Wh/kg, which can be compared to a state-of-the-art supercapacitor vehicular system with 1.7 kW/kg and 2.3 Wh/kg, respectively. Flywheel energy storage is reaching maturity, with 500 flywheel power buffer systems being deployed for London buses (resulting in fuel savings of over 20%), 400 flywheels in operation for grid frequency regulation and many hundreds more installed for uninterruptible power supply (UPS) applications. The industry estimates the mass-production cost of a specific consumer-car flywheel system to be 2000 USD. For regular cars, this system has been shown to save 35% fuel in the U.S. Federal Test Procedure (FTP) drive cycle.

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Section: Container Cranes/straddle Carriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications

et al. 2015

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“…In order to increase the energy savings in electrified or diesel RTG crane systems, ESSs have been used for peak shaving during the lifting period by using recovered potential energy that has accrued during the lowering period and avoid dissipating energy through the dump resistors as heat [1,[6][7][8][9][10][11]. In the literature, ESS control algorithms on an RTG crane system, which can be either a diesel or electrified crane, mainly focus on using conventional control strategies that use a reference value (set-point control) of power [1,9], SoC [7] or voltage [3,11] to store recovered potential energy and regenerate it during the lifting phase which helps to increase energy savings and reduce gas emissions. Table 1 summarises the peak reduction algorithms used in an RTG crane model produced by different authors along with their achievements and limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Energy Management and MPC Strategies for Electrified RTG Cranes with Energy Storage Systems

et al. 2017

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This article presents a study of optimal control strategies for an energy storage system connected to a network of electrified Rubber Tyre Gantry (RTG) cranes. The study aims to design optimal control strategies for the power flows associated with the energy storage device, considering the highly volatile nature of RTG crane demand and difficulties in prediction. Deterministic optimal energy management controller and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) are proposed as potentially suitable approaches to minimise the electric energy costs associated with the real-time electricity price and maximise the peak demand reduction, under given energy storage system parameters and network specifications. A specific case study is presented in to test the proposed optimal strategies and compares them to a set-point controller. The proposed models used in the study are validated using data collected from an instrumented RTG crane at the Port of Felixstowe, UK and are compared to a standard set-point controller. The results of the proposed control strategies show a significant reduction in the potential electricity costs and peak power demand from the RTG cranes.

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“…Most of the energy consumption comes from hoisting containers (weighing up to 54 tons) for a typical full height of 15 m at vertical speeds that can reach 0.85 m/s, resulting in short intense loads of limited durations. In order to reduce the stress on the primary source, which can be either a diesel generator or the port's electrical network, energy storage can be used for peak shaving during the lifting phase and to recover potential energy during the lowering phase [12][13][14]. Although other authors proposed RTG cranes equipped with batteries [13], these are best suited for reducing idle power consumption due to their low power density.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although other authors proposed RTG cranes equipped with batteries [13], these are best suited for reducing idle power consumption due to their low power density. Flywheels and supercapacitors are more suited for the high power flows deriving from the hoist motor (both when motoring and generating), and they have been the subject of multiple studies [12,[14][15][16][17]. Flywheel energy storage systems (FESSs) in particular have been found particularly suited for this task, as they show similar performance to supercapacitors, while being characterised by excellent ageing characteristics, which are independent of the charge rate or depth of discharge [1,18], allowing their lifetime to match that of the portal frame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Power Management Strategy for Energy Storage with Stochastic Loads

2016

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Abstract:In this paper, a power management strategy (PMS) has been developed for the control of energy storage in a system subjected to loads of random duration. The PMS minimises the costs associated with the energy consumption of specific systems powered by a primary energy source and equipped with energy storage, under the assumption that the statistical distribution of load durations is known. By including the variability of the load in the cost function, it was possible to define the optimality criteria for the power flow of the storage. Numerical calculations have been performed obtaining the control strategies associated with the global minimum in energy costs, for a wide range of initial conditions of the system. The results of the calculations have been tested on a MATLAB/Simulink model of a rubber tyre gantry (RTG) crane equipped with a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) and subjected to a test cycle, which corresponds to the real operation of a crane in the Port of Felixstowe. The results of the model show increased energy savings and reduced peak power demand with respect to existing control strategies, indicating considerable potential savings for port operators in terms of energy and maintenance costs.

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Saving energy using flywheels

Cited by 71 publications

References 1 publication

Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications

Flywheel Energy Storage for Automotive Applications

Optimal Energy Management and MPC Strategies for Electrified RTG Cranes with Energy Storage Systems

Optimal Power Management Strategy for Energy Storage with Stochastic Loads

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